Project name: Improving the water regime of the Danube river branches

Programme: Swiss–Slovak Cooperation Programme

Programme administrator: The Ministry of Investment, Regional Development and Informatization of the Slovak Republic

Call: BIO02 Strengthening Biodiversity in protected areas

Project code: 0410-2SC-BIO-PC2-004

Duration: 2.10.2025 – 31.12.2028

Budget: 500,000.00 EUR

Lead partner: BROZ – conservation association

Swiss partner: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)

The main objective is to improve the human-altered water regime (higher flows, better dynamics) in the Danube river branch system (36 ha) through specific restoration measures, such as modifications to selected sections of the branches (cleaning, deepening) and participation in the process of optimizing the simulated floods regime. Supporting arguments in favor of flooding will be obtained through regular monitoring of target species (fish, amphibians), habitats and evaluation of ecosystem services. Supporting measures such as planting native trees and eliminating invasive species (8 ha) will also help to improve their condition. The project also includes public awareness raising and education (promotional materials – wall calendars, glass bottles, tattoos), promoting nature tourism (Danube wilderness observation tower, educational model of river branch restoration), while reaching out to and involving local communities and marginalized groups.

Danube river branch system – a network of river branches, once freely meandering in the Danube gravel and sand deposits, an important source of drinking water. One of the most important areas for fish spawning and reproduction of animals associated with floodplain habitats. Human activity has cut off the branch system from the main channel of the Danube. Insufficient water supply and flow velocity in the branches cause them to become clogged with fine sediments and overgrown with vegetation. 

Veľký Lél – the gateway to Veľkolélsky Island, one of the last large preserved islands on the Slovak section of the Danube. There is an eco-center suitable for lectures and in the immediate vicinity of the routes for excursions around the island with examples of floodplain habitats – a Danube side arm, wet meadows, floodplain forests, with examples of previous restorations.

Project management (communication activities, coordination of measures and monitoring, administration and financial management).

Improvement of water regime of river branches and adjacent wetlands – practical restoration measures (at four selected sites, covering a total area of 36 ha) such as deepening and widening river beds, removing obstacles in the flow and, in connection with the altered water regime, accumulated fine sediments. The modifications will enable higher flows and flow velocities in selected sections, better migration for aquatic animals, better access to spawning grounds for native Danube fish species and access to breeding grounds for many other animal groups / species. At the same time, support for an optimal simulated flood regime will bring more water to the entire system of river branches and adjacent wetlands.

Optimisation of floodplain forest stands composition – planting native trees (poplars, alders), after-planting care (removing weeds and climbing plants) and eliminating non-native and invasive species (genus Phallopia, Buddleja, Paulownia and Ailanthus).

Monitoring of the effect of simulated floods on species and habitats – includes assessment of the impact of simulated floods within the Danube river branch system by monitoring fish, amphibians habitats and ecosystem services.

Awareness about protection of Danube floodplains – through lectures, excursions, meetings with stakeholders, enrichment of nature tourism offerings (construction of a wildlife observation tower, creation of an educational model of a river branch) and publication of promotional materials (wall calendars, glass bottles, tattoos).

Project title: Old-Growth forests and Veteran Trees for Biodiversity and Resilient Landscapes

Project acronym: RESILIENT TREES

Project scheme: Interreg Europe 2021-2027

Project code: 03C0817

Duration: 01/05/2025 – 31/07/2029

Budget:  1,431,340 €

Project partners: Institute of Bioeconomy – National Research Council of Italy (IT), Piemonte Region, Directorate for the Environment, Energy and Land Use, Forest Unit (IT), University of Évora (PT), Vytautas Magnus University (LT), Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague (CZ), PSEDA-ILIRIA (AL), State Service for the Protected Areas under the Ministry of Environment (LT), National Forestry Agency (AL), BROZ – conservation association (SK)

Associated policy authorities: Institute of Forests and Nature Conservation (PT), Ministry of Environment (CZ), Capital city of Slovak republic Bratislava (SK)

 

Project summary:

RESILIENT TREES objective is to increase the protection of biodiversity, successfully putting into practice improved policies for what concerns old-growth forests (OGF) and monumental-veteran trees (MVT). The collaborative effort of 9 partner institutions and 3 associated policy authorities from six countries will promote the creation of a network of keystone forest resources, increasing the resilience of our landscapes.

Project title: Restoration of Priority Grassland Habitats in Slovakia and Romania

Project scheme: LIFE, Nature and Biodiversity

Project acronym: LIFE Diverseed

Project code: LIFE23 NAT/SK/101148306

Duration: 01/06/2024 – 30/09/2031

Total budget: 6,579,792.09 EUR (75% funded by European Commission contribution)

Project partners: BROZ, ADEPT Transilvania Foundation, Agrostis Trávniky SK, s.r.o., Central Control and Testing Institute in Agriculture in Bratislava, and Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre of the Slovak Academy of Sciences

Project focus:

The project focuses on 10 habitats (9 priority habitats listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive and one endangered habitat in the European Red List of Habitats) in 33 sites of European importance (30 in Slovakia and 3 in Romania). We will directly restore up to 920 ha of priority grassland habitats and another 1,200 ha indirectly through replications. Additionally, the project will significantly support future grassland restoration by developing protocols, methodologies, and guidelines for seed collection, cultivation, and re-seeding in protected grasslands. Regional seed mixtures are currently not available in Slovakia or Romania, yet the demand for them is constantly growing among conservationists and farmers. The project will involve close cooperation with farmers and farmers’ associations, environmental agencies, and national authorities who have expressed their interest.

The project will also properly map and assess the critical loss of grasslands in Romania, which are undervalued due to a lack of surveyors. The results of mapping and other activities will help improve agri-environmental schemes in Romania, which have failed to stop grassland loss. Numerous activities will be organized for volunteers, schools, and the general public, as well as meetings with authorities and extensive farmer training. Seed mixtures will be designed to enter the market for further replication after the project ends.

Main project objectives:

1. implement necessary restoration management of target priority grassland habitats on a total area of at least 920 hectares in 33 Sites of Community Importance in two EU member states
2. restore small-scale habitats (e.g., wetlands) at 85 sites
3. plant 2,500 individuals of 10 most endangered flagship species, especially orchids
4. prepare 2 species-rich seed mixtures for grassland restoration in both Slovakia and Romania
5. purchase a minimum of 10 hectares and lease also a minimum of 10 hectares of land, and pay compensation for temporary land use restrictions of at least 108 hectares (in case of seed collection, mowing and grazing must be postponed, causing losses to users)
6. obtain relevant scientific data about target habitats in Romania
7. ensure long-term habitat management in cooperation with local farmers and other landowners and land users
8. raise awareness among stakeholders and the public about target habitats, conservation measures, and their importance
9. disseminate knowledge (project know-how) in various locations, regions, and EU states through participation in conferences, workshops, and other events
10. assess habitat loss and effectiveness of current agri-environmental schemes and revise agri-environmental schemes in Romania
11. prepare and approve a set of measures for collecting, cultivating, and using seed mixtures for grassland restoration in Slovakia and Romania
12. replicate best practices in habitat restoration at least 15 times with stakeholders in non-target sites
13. prepare seed mixture distribution for the market

Target habitats:

Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive:

*1340 Inland salt meadows 

*1530 Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes 

*6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi 

*6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands 

*6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) with important orchid sites 

*6240 Sub-Pannonic steppic grasslands 

*6250 Pannonic loess steppic grasslands 

*6260 Pannonic sand steppes 

*40A0 Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub – the only non-grassland habitat, which exists in mosaic with habitat 

*6210, requiring the same grazing management and increasing heterogeneity and biodiversity in project sites

Endangered habitat from the European Red List:

E3.4a Moist or wet mesotrophic to eutrophic grassland

Project sites:

SKUEV0071 Abov

SKUEV027 Baské

SKUEV0566 Beckovské skalice

SKUEV0295 Biskupické luhy

SKUEV0135 Bočina

SKUEV2064 Bratislavské luhy

SKUEV0069 Búčske slanisko

SKUEV0103 Čachtické Karpaty

SKUEV0800 Devínska hradná skala

SKUEV0280 Devínska Kobyla

SKUEV0292 Drieňová hora

SKUEV0367, SKUEV2367 Holubyho kopanice

SKUEV0100 Chotínske piesky

SKUEV0068 Jurský Chlm

SKUEV0379 Kobela

SKUEV 0065 Marcelovské piesky

SKUEV0158, SKUEV2158 Modrý vrch

SKUEV0078 Mostová

SKUEV0098, SKUEV2098 Nesvadské piesky

SKUEV0269, SKUEV2269 Ostrovné lúčky

SKUEV0095 Panské lúky

SKUEV0091 Ploská hora

SKUEV0128 Rokoš

SKUEV0823 Sovie vinohrady

SKUEV0157 Starý vrch

SKUEV0256, SKUEV1256 Strážovské vrchy

SKUEV0096 Šurianske slaniská

SKUEV0380 Tematínske vrchy

SKUEV0567 Turecký vrch

SKUEV0137 Záhrada

ROSCI0323 Munții Ciucului

ROSCI0227 Sighisoara-Târnava Mare

ROSCI0297 Daelurile Târnavei Mici – Bicheş

Activities

Restoration of degraded grassland habitats in Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia

Traditional conservation measures will be implemented on target habitats, such as: removal of self-seeded vegetation, cutting down trees and shrubs, removal of non-native invasive species, grazing and mowing, while considering the specific needs of the habitat at each site.

On long-abandoned or previously intensively used habitats where biodiversity has significantly declined, green hay transfer will be implemented from sites with favorable habitat conditions (seeds will fall into the soil through drying and turning the hay, after which the hay will be removed from the sites). At other sites, seeds collected from suitable meadows and threshed using a threshing machine will be sown.

Typical flagship species for selected habitats are rough milk-vetch (Astragalus asper), Austrian milk-vetch (Astragalus austriacus), stemless milk-vetch (Astragalus excapus), Tartar bread plant (Crambe tataria), eastern lizard orchid (Himantoglossum caprinum), late spider-orchid (Ophrys holoserica), Holub’s bee orchid (Ophrys holubyana), early spider-orchid (Ophrys sphegodes), media sand-spurrey (Spergularia media), and autumn lady’s-tresses (Spirantes spiralis). These species are currently very rare in Slovakia and continue to decline. 250 individuals of each species will be grown and subsequently planted in carefully selected locations, mostly based on historical occurrence of the species or to strengthen existing small populations.

This activity will also include the restoration of small-scale areas where soil will be exposed and disturbed, creating suitable conditions for many plants such as flame adonis (Adonis flammea), cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica), common corn-cockle (Agrostemma githago), or cornflower (Centaurea cyanus). Seeds of these plants will be collected and purposefully sown on disturbed soil to support their ability to colonize new sites. Soil surface disturbance is also a good tool for supporting the rejuvenation of pioneer plant species typical for salt marshes (e.g., spiny grass (Cryspsis aculeata), red goosefoot (Chenopodium chenopodioides), shore orache (Atriplex litoralis), lesser sea-spurrey (Spergularia marina), and it is good to combine these measures with an appropriate grazing regime.

This activity will also include selecting sites in less accessible small-scale protected areas from which seeds will be collected to create grass-herb seed mixtures. Two mixtures will be designed: species-enriched and regional seed mixtures. Besides collecting seeds directly from sites, seeds will also be obtained from pre-grown mother plants of about 30 species.

The activity aims to:

• clean at least 100 hectares of overgrown habitats
• remove invasive plants from an area of at least 30 hectares
• graze at least 250 hectares of pastures
• mow and transfer green hay on a minimum of 40 hectares of land
• restore small-scale habitats at 85 sites
• create two species-rich seed mixtures for habitat restoration purposes
• restore 15 hectares of grasslands using seed mixtures
• establish mother plant areas for seed production of approximately 30 plant species
• plant 2,500 individuals of 10 most endangered flagship species
• purchase 10 hectares and long-term lease 10 hectares of land for implementing measures
• provide one-time compensation to farmers for seed collection on 8 hectares of meadows in favorable condition

 

Restoration of degraded grassland habitats in Natura 2000 sites in Romania

Romanian partners will conduct habitat mapping in three sites of European importance: Sighisoara-Târnava Mare, Munții Ciucului, and Daelurile Târnavei Mici – Bicheş, which are currently insufficiently mapped. Traditional mapping methods (transects) will be used in combination with the latest available technology (drones, satellite images, including historical satellite records). Mapping will include historical habitat trends, presence, quality and distribution of habitats, suitability of management measures, and location of ideal seed collection sites. The obtained data will be used for planning project restoration measures and also provided to local authorities for improving overall agri-environmental measures.

Seed collection from species-rich habitats will also take place in Romania, to be used for restoring degraded sites. Collection times will be adapted to the ripening of seeds of various species to ensure the seed mixture is as diverse as possible. Collected seeds will be test-sown on smaller areas to evaluate seed viability and species composition of plants capable of establishing themselves in new areas this way. Gradually, seed mixtures will also be provided to farmers for replication of seeding.

Restoration of degraded grassland habitats will involve measures such as mowing overgrown areas and removing biomass, grazing on insufficiently grazed or abandoned pastures, or re-introducing mowing on abandoned hay meadows. An important part of this activity will be cooperation with local farmers and raising their awareness about the need for habitat restoration.

Through this activity we will create:

• maps of habitat distribution in 3 Natura 2000 sites
• maps of restoration and seed collection sites
• better analysis of grassland habitat management requirements
• 500 hectares of grasslands restored from poor to suitable condition in 3 sites of European importance
• 100 ha of restored habitats within pilot agri-environmental schemes
• better understanding of pasture management by farmers’ associations
• collected seeds for all target habitats

 

Monitoring and evaluation of project impacts

Monitoring will focus on observing the impact of restoration management on target habitats, evaluating the success of flagship species planting, and testing the regional seed mixture before its market introduction.

In Slovakia, 3 sites with different restoration management will be selected, each containing 5 monitoring plots (15 in total). Their condition will be recorded at the project start and at least four subsequent checks will be conducted to capture ongoing habitat changes. In Romania, qualitative and quantitative monitoring will be carried out in all 3 sites of European importance. If monitoring yields certain recommendations, they will be applied during the project duration.

Since the project focuses on restoring flowering habitats, pollinator species are expected to greatly benefit from project activities. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative monitoring of butterflies and hymenopterans will also be conducted at 5 selected project sites to track changes in pollinator diversity.

 

Raising public awareness and disseminating project results

This task focuses on informing about the project and its results and educating the public through regular website updates, social media communication, creation of information panels, short films and other information materials, project media coverage in TV and radio, organizing volunteer events, educational workshops, and guided tours.

 

Sustainability, replication, and utilization of project results

The project’s task is also to inform key stakeholders such as farmers, scientific community, institution staff, office workers, administration and local government, universities, non-governmental organizations, and volunteers, and support their involvement in project activities. Target groups will be familiarized with proven practices in grassland habitat restoration and management, protection measures, and possible utilization of project results.

Through cooperation with stakeholders and connecting them during organized events, we will also support discussion and collaboration with beneficiaries, as local community support ensures sustainable use of restored habitats after the project ends.

Názov projektu: Komplexná obnova dunajských lužných biotopov a podpora ich odolnosti voči inváznym druhom rastlín

Projektová schéma: LIFE Standart Action Projects (SAP), Nature and Biodiversity

Projektový akronym:LIFE23-NAT-SK-LIFE RESISTANCE

Kód projektu: 101148377

Trvanie: 1.6.2024 – 30.9.2030

Rozpočet:  6 465 129,60 € (67 % príspevok Európskej komisie – 4 331 636,84€)

Program LIFE

NATURA 2000

Koordinujúci príjemca:  

BROZ – ochranárske združenie

Ďalší príjemcovia:

Szomolanyi Lászlo

Centrum biologie rastlin a biodiverzity Slovenskej akademie vied

Národné lesnícke centrum

Výskumný ústav vodného hospodárstva

Pisztráng Kör Egyesület

Národný park  Fertő-Hanság       

Jednou z najvýznamnejších príčin straty biodiverzity je rozšírenie inváznych druhov. Projekt predstavuje komplexný prístup na podporu odolnosti dunajských aluviálnych biotopov (*91E0, 6440, 3270, 91F0) voči týmto druhom. Je zameraný na 15 NATURA 2000 lokalít na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. Zmenený vodný režim, intenzívne lesné hospodárstvo, upustenie od tradičného hospodárenia, najmä extenzívnej pastvy. Tieto zásahy do prostredia iniciujú degradáciu biotopov a umožňuje šírenie inváznych druhov. Prostredníctvom viacerých  doplňujúcich sa opatrení sa v rámci projektu obnoví 120 hektárov mokradí a 20 hektárov biotopov lužných lesov súčasne s 720 hektármi, kde bude obnovená prírode blízka pastva. Využitím synergie vyššie uvedených opatrení spolu s mechanickými, biologickými a chemickými metódami eradikácie sa odstránia invázne druhy rastlín na 850 hektároch. Vďaka opatreniam založeným na prírodných procesoch sa zlepšia ekologické podmienky biotopov a zvýši sa ich odolnosť voči inváznym druhom s dlhodobým a udržateľným výsledkom. V rámci projektu bude obnovený vodný režim a zaplavené prírodné depresie ako aj  implementované šetrné lesnícke metódy. Opätovne sa zavedie pastva ako prirodzená a tradičná črta aluviálnych biotopov (vrátane lesov) pre zvýšenie diverzity aluviálnych biotopov, ich odolnosti voči inváznym druhom a podpory dynamických procesov rieky. V rámci projektu budú používané rôzne inovatívne metódy: komplexný prístup k včasnému manažmentu inváznych druhov rastlín, detekčný systém využívajúci dronové a satelitné dáta, biologická kontrola pajaseňa žliazkatého, zlepšenie prežívania sadeníc stromov pomocou využitia lokálnych mykoríznych húb a monitorovanie vplyvu projektu na faunu metódami metabarkódovania eDNA. Na zvyšovanie povedomia o inváznych druhoch a s tým spojených rizík ako aj rozširovanie výsledkov projektu s dôrazom na ich replikáciu boli navrhnuté komplexné aktivity pokrývajúce všetky relevantné cieľové skupiny (stakeholderi, odborníci, učitelia, študenti, deti aj verejnosť). Dôraz sa kladie aj na zahrnutie získaných skúsenosti v teréne do legislatívy a spoločnej poľnohospodárskej politiky.

Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (habitat 91E0)

Alluvial forests, which include species like alder (Alnus glutinosa) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior), thrive in river floodplains and spring valleys. 

These forests include softwood species like willow (Salix alba) and poplar (Populus nigra) and are essential for maintaining biodiversity. Historically, they covered much of the Pannonian lowlands but are now among the most endangered and fragmented habitats in Slovakia.

These habitats are crucial for many plant and animal species of European and national significance. In spring, they feature geophytes like snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) and squills (Scilla vindobonensis). They also provide critical habitats for birds and bats. 

The main threats to these forests include:

• Changes in water conditions
• Inappropriate forest management, including the planting of non-native species and intensive land use
• Infestation by invasive species
• Lack of grazing

 

Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii (habitat 6440)

These meadows are found in large lowland river floodplains that flood regularly but dry out in summer due to the continental climate. They are part of the Deschampsion cespitosae alliance and are influenced by the frequency, duration, and timing of floods, which supply essential nutrients.

Historically, these meadows have been important for high-quality hay production and are typically grazed or mowed once or twice a year. Dominant species include Alopecurus pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis stolonifera, Poa palustris, and Carex vulpina. Tall sedge beds indicate a high groundwater table, even in summer, often found on low terraces and in depressions.

Alluvial meadows support several species of European interest, such as Cirsium brachycephalum, and nationally protected species like Viola pumila, Allium angulosum, and Oenanthe silaifolia. These meadows depend on proper agricultural management to maintain their ecological functions, including grazing and haymaking.

The primary threats to these habitats include:

• Intensive agricultural land use, including overgrazing and frequent haymaking with fertilizer application
• Infestation by invasive alien species
• Land-use abandonment, leading to overgrowth by woody species
• Lack of floods

 

Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (habitat 91F0)

These hardwood forests, typically found along riverbeds, are subject to periodic flooding and fluctuations in the groundwater table. Dominant tree species include Fraxinus excelsior, F. angustifolia, Ulmus minor, U. laevis, and Quercus robur. In Slovakia, these forests occupy higher alluvial plains with soils classified as fluvisols and gleysols.

Historically, these forests covered large areas of the Pannonian lowlands before significant human settlement and agricultural development led to deforestation and fragmentation. Today, they are among the most altered and endangered ecosystems in Slovakia, facing threats from intensive forestry, water regime changes, and invasive species.

These habitats support a rich diversity of plant and animal species. In spring, they are characterized by geophytes like snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) and squills (Scilla vindobonensis). The shrub layer is well-developed and species-rich, while the herb layer varies significantly between spring and summer, with low geophytes in spring and higher hemicryptophytes dominating later.

• The primary threats to these forests include:
• Intensive forest management
• Changes in hydrological conditions
• Infestation by invasive alien species
• Planting of non-native tree species and monocultures

 

Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri pp and Bidention pp vegetation (habitat 3270)

These habitats are characterized by communities of short-lived species growing along riverbanks in muddy to sandy locations that are regularly flooded. They typically appear barren in spring and early summer, as vegetation develops later in the year. Under favourable conditions, species of European interest such as Apium repens and Lindernia procumbens, along with nationally protected species like Heleochloa alopecuroides and Dichostylis micheliana, can be found.

These habitats are essential for maintaining biodiversity and support various species that thrive in wet, muddy environments. They are particularly important for certain rare and protected plant species that depend on these specific conditions to survive.

The primary threats to these habitats include:

• Biological processes that may hinder plant growth
• Infestation by invasive alien species such as Aster lanceolatus, Amaranthus powellii, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens frondosa, Helianthus tuberosus, and Stenactis annua
• Inconsistent flooding patterns, either lack of floods or frequent overflooding

SKUEV0090 Dunajské luhy

SKUEV2090 Dunajské luhy

SKUEV0182 Číčovské luhy

SKUEV1182 Číčovské luhy

SKUEV0819 Vážsky Dunaj

SKUEV0092 Dolnovážske luhy

SKUEV0183 Veľkolélsky ostrov

SKUEV0393 Dunaj

SKUEV2393 Dunaj

SKUEV0824 Dolný tok Ipľa

SKUEV0820 Dolný tok Hrona

SKUEV0227 Čilížske močiare

SKUEV1227 Čilížske močiare

SKUEV0295 Biskupické luhy 

HUFH30004 Szigetkӧz

Reintroduction of Grazing 

Grazing will be reintroduced to alluvial habitats to restore biodiversity and control invasive species, a method historically used but abandoned due to socio-economic changes. Grazing prevents succession, promotes a variety of microhabitats, and helps maintain alluvial meadows and floodplain forests by suppressing invasive species. In the initial years, grazing intensity will be higher to effectively suppress non-native species, with adjustments made over time to align with the area’s recovery rate. In Hungary, Szomolányi Lászlo in cooperation with Fertő-Hanság National park will manage the grazing in SCI Szigetköz. In Slovakia, BROZ and local farmers will handle various sites. Additional restoration measures will be implemented in long-term abandoned areas, including mulching tall weed vegetation, removing biomass, milling overgrown woody vegetation. The innovative use of GPS collars for virtual fencing will manage grazing patterns in difficult terrains, reduce human disturbance, and prevent overgrazing.

Complex mapping, early detection and removal of IAS

A software extension of NaturaSat called the “Complex Mapping and Early Detection and Rapid Response System” (CM&ED&RR System) will be created, consisting of Comprehensive Mapping (CM) and the Early Detection and Rapid Response System (ED&RR System). CM will refine the mapping of IAS occurence by detecting habitat changes and new types formed by IAS using satellite (Sentinel) and drone data. Initially, NaturaSat will semi-automatically segment IAS-dominated areas, verified in the field for software calibration. Identified polygons will be stored in a database and monitored annually, with significant changes triggering automatic alerts to local authorities. 

The ED&RR System will identify vulnerable areas based on environmental factors supporting invasion. Using NaturaSat’s remote sensing tools, it will track spreading pathways, habitats prone to invasion, low-diversity areas, low vegetation cover, and poor health conditions (NDVI). The CM&ED&RR System will be replicated among stakeholders and presented at EU conferences. 

Complementing natural suppression methods in previously mentioned actions, this action will focuse on aggressive IAS where natural methods are infeasible. Best practices and innovative methods, like using Verticillium nonalfalfae for Ailanthus altissima, will be tested.

Awareness raising, dissemination of results and stakeholder cooperation

The activities aim to increase awareness of invasive alien plant species (IAS) and promote nature-based measures to enhance biotope resilience. Key activities include project communication through branding, media outreach, and a dedicated website updated regularly in multiple languages. Stakeholder engagement involves personal meetings, distribution of promotional materials, and organizing events like volunteer activities, summer camps, and study tours. Long-term awareness efforts include a documentary, interactive exhibitions, and information panels. The initiative also supports farmers through a platform for sustainable farming and eco-tourism. Finally, a citizen science initiative encourages public participation in IAS monitoring.

Monitoring of project impact

Monitoring efforts across various facets of the project are extensive and integrated. All beneficiaries collaborate closely to ensure comprehensive assessment and reporting. PSBCSAS and FHNPI lead habitat monitoring, assessing conservation action impacts on habitats. They establish baseline data, conduct phytosociological surveys, and track vegetation response, focusing on species diversity and invasive species. Data is shared with national databases and authorities. Wetland Restoration Monitoring will be done by WRI and BROZ. Long-term monitoring includes flood strength and water level data, supported by meteorological stations from prior LIFE projects. All beneficiaries will contribute to conduct regular KPI monitoring to assess project impacts on nature, biodiversity, and socio-economic factors. PSBCSAS evaluates fauna biodiversity using DNA metabarcoding (analysis of eDNA), comparing pre- and post-restoration conditions. PKE and BROZ evaluate dissemination effectiveness through quantitative and qualitative methods, tracking participant numbers, media coverage, and public feedback to refine strategies continuously.

Sustainability, replication, and exploitation of project results

The project aims to ensure broad dissemination, replication, and long-term sustainability of outcomes across various sectors and regions. Key tasks include developing and promoting best practices in restoring natural conditions, systematic invasive species removal, innovative grazing methods, citizen science involvement, nature-friendly alluvial forest restoration, biological control of Ailanthus altissima, user-friendly mapping systems, early detection, and introducing DNA barcoding for biodiversity assessment. Additionally, the project focuses on influencing policies and legislation related to invasive species management, networking through workshops, seminars, and conferences, engaging with public and private sectors, hosting a final international conference, and developing a “RESISTANT LANDSCAPE” catalogue of measures.

project manager
RNDr. Michaela Kalivodová, PhD.
kalivodova(at)broz.sk
+421 917 569 979

Basic information about the project

Project Title: Conservation and Return of Steppe Bird Species to the Lowlands of Slovakia

Project Scheme: LIFE+, Nature and Biodiversity

Project Acronym: LIFE 4 STEPPE BIRDS

Project Code: LIFE21-NAT-SK-LIFE 4 STEPPE BIRDS/101074480

Duration: 1 December 2022 – 30 November 2028

Budget: Total budget for all partners: €6,657,659.55, of which EU co-financing: €4,460,630.00

Coordinating Beneficiary:

• SOS/BirdLife Slovakia

Associated Partner:

• BROZ – conservation association

Link to the Coordinating Beneficiary’s Website:

http://vtaky.sk/stranka/344-Ochrana-a-navrat-stepnych-druhov-vtakov-na-niziny-Slovenska.html

Link to the EC Project Page:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/life/publicWebsite/project/LIFE21-NAT-SK-LIFE-4-STEPPE-BIRDS-101074480/conservation-and-return-of-steppe-birds-to-lowlands-of-slovakia

Project objectives

The LIFE 4 STEPPE BIRDS project focuses on the conservation and restoration of habitats that represent potentially suitable breeding sites for ten selected bird species of European importance. Five of these are priority species for the project’s objectives: European roller (Coracias garrulus), Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus), Common redshank (Tringa totanus), Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), and Garganey (Spatula querquedula). The remaining five – Eurasian scops owl (Otus scops), Tawny pipit (Anthus campestris), Lesser grey shrike (Lanius minor), Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), and Pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) – are listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive.

The project sites are mainly wet and dry steppe habitats with shallow wetlands, which have been degraded either by intensive agriculture, inappropriate management, or, conversely, by abandonment and lack of management. Many of these habitats are in an unfavourable state and are expected to deteriorate further without intervention. The main aim of the project is to introduce appropriate habitat management measures that will enable the return or significant population growth of the target bird species.

A key objective is to reduce the strong negative impact of human activities on the target species and their habitats—mainly through restoring extensive pastures, revitalizing wetland systems, creating suitable nesting opportunities, and increasing awareness and public support for the Natura 2000 network.

 

Specific Project Objectives

1. Restoration of habitats potentially suitable for the return of two target species: European roller (Coracias garrulus) and Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa)

The natural habitat of the European roller consists of a mosaic of agricultural landscape with grasslands, scattered trees, and river meanders. This type of landscape has nearly or completely disappeared from Slovakia. The last recorded breeding sites were in the Special Protection Areas (SPAs) Dolné Považie and Medzibodrožie. The project aims to restore grassland habitats and establish appropriate grassland management such as mowing, extensive grazing, and planting of scattered vegetation to recreate suitable conditions for the roller’s return. As rollers nest in tree cavities, and natural nesting sites are now scarce, artificial nest boxes will be used as a suitable substitute. Successful results from neighbouring countries (e.g., LIFE Roller – LIFE13_NAT/HU/000081) show promising potential for the roller’s reestablishment as a breeding species.

The nest boxes will follow the methodology developed under the LIFE Roller project and will be installed primarily in SPA Dolné Považie, where the roller is a qualifying species, and also in SPA Medzibodrožie, which has great potential to support a stable population after project implementation.

The Black-tailed godwit is among the most endangered target species in Slovakia and the EU. SPA Senianske rybníky likely represents the last suitable breeding site in the country. Its natural habitats include extensive wet meadows, grassy marshes, and peaty wetlands. Godwits nest on the ground, typically in grass tussocks in areas trampled by grazing animals. The project aims to connect the “Veľký rybník” pond (the site of the last godwit sightings) with the Chrenovka stream to improve habitat conditions. Knowledge exchange with experts involved in similar habitat restoration projects (e.g., LIFE Sodic Wetland System – LIFE21_NAT/HU/101074474) will support the success of this objective. The project will also promote eco-schemes as tools to establish biocorridors, boosting biodiversity and improving food availability for target species.

2. Reversing the population decline of the following target species: Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus), Common redshank (Tringa totanus), Garganey (Spatula querquedula), Eurasian scops owl (Otus scops), Tawny pipit (Anthus campestris), Lesser grey shrike (Lanius minor), Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), and Pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)

These species depend on a mosaic agricultural landscape composed of grasslands, wet meadows, scattered vegetation, and areas managed by extensive grazing. Restoration and appropriate management of grasslands (mowing, grazing, planting scattered trees and shrubs) will provide suitable conditions for these birds to maintain or increase their populations. Promoting eco-schemes will also support the development of ecological corridors, enhancing overall biodiversity and food availability.

The project includes specific activities to stabilize the population of the Red-footed falcon, such as installing artificial nest boxes, providing nesting support material in known colonies, and setting up acoustic devices to play mating calls and encourage nesting.

3. Restoration of Grasslands

Due to the abandonment of many areas and lack of management, large areas have become overgrown with shrubs and invasive plant species, altering the ecological conditions. The project will purchase or lease priority areas suitable for habitat restoration, particularly those with high potential for the return of target bird species.

On overgrown sites, restoration management will include the removal of shrubs and invasive plants, followed by mulching and stump grinding. Restoration will only be carried out where long-term sustainable mowing or grazing is feasible. In some cases, establishing grazing infrastructure will be necessary, including fencing and the introduction of innovative Smart Eco Shepherd (SES) systems.

Ultimately, the project aims to restore 175 ha of grasslands, using seed mixtures rich in flowering grasses and herbs to support pollinators and improve ecosystem functioning.

4. Planting of Trees, Scattered Vegetation and Installation of Nest Boxes

Scattered vegetation is critical for many steppe bird species, providing nesting, perching, and feeding opportunities. The project will plant native trees and shrubs, particularly in degraded or intensively used agricultural areas, to reintroduce habitat structure and nesting opportunities.

Nest boxes will be installed for species like the European roller, Red-footed falcon, Eurasian scops owl, and shrikes, based on species-specific requirements. The combination of habitat restoration, artificial nesting support, and increased food availability aims to enable long-term population recovery of target species across project sites.

 

5. Increasing awareness among stakeholders and the public to prevent disturbance of target species

A Communication Plan will serve as the strategic document for all activities under this objective. A bilingual (SK/EN) website will be created, featuring essential information about the project, its budget, implementers, target species, sites, and activities. The project and its milestones will be promoted in the media. Key in-person meetings will be held with authorities, stakeholders, and local leaders; field excursions and exchange trips with other LIFE project implementers will also be organized. Public engagement will be ensured through volunteer events, offering hands-on experience with selected project activities in the field. Visitor infrastructure will be built, including birdwatching towers to enable observation without disturbing birds during the breeding season, rest areas, and bilingual (SK/EN) informational boards. Communication with the public and stakeholders will also be supported by producing educational promotional materials (e.g. T-shirts, caps, bags, chocolate bars, tea boxes, calendars), distributed during events and meetings.

The introduction of grazing in SPAs also presents an opportunity to showcase the “Farm to Fork” strategy. The project will support the development of Gedra farm as a practical example, offering small-scale cheese production and agrotourism suitable for project excursions.

 

6. Increasing biodiversity in intensively farmed landscapes through the application of appropriate eco-schemes in cooperation with local farmers

In project sites and their surroundings, biocorridors will be created in cooperation with local farmers and agricultural entities as part of eco-schemes (e.g. permanent strips of flowering plants, tree lines, rows of perennial shrubs). These will serve as habitat and feeding niches for insects and target bird species. The aim is to enhance biodiversity in intensively used agricultural landscapes. Zoological and botanical experts will monitor the benefits and changes resulting from the eco-schemes throughout the project using a unified methodology developed under Activity 2.4.

 

7. Developing appropriate eco-schemes for agricultural landscapes for the next programming period 2028–2035

Awareness and promotion of eco-schemes will be supported through direct engagement with local stakeholders. Results from expert monitoring and reporting will provide data and arguments to inform eco-scheme development in the upcoming CAP programming period (2028–2035). Project team members will be ready to cooperate with representatives of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic to promote nature-based eco-schemes for lowland regions.

 

8. Developing national species action plans for the European Roller (Coracias garrulus) and the Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), and preparing a proposal to update SPA decrees and include new qualifying species

Based on the knowledge gained during implementation, National Species Action Plans will be developed and submitted for official approval for two critically endangered species and project targets: the European Roller (Coracias garrulus) and the Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa). In addition, the project will prepare a proposal to update SPA (Special Protection Area) decrees by including new qualifying species.

 

By implementing proper management of project sites and restoring steppe habitats to a more natural state, the project aims not only to halt but to reverse the declining population trends of 10 rare steppe bird species in southern Slovakia. These species are currently experiencing negative population trends both nationally and across the EU. The project sites are located within 9 SPAs and represent rare and endangered steppe habitats, such as salt steppes and grasslands. In addition to the target bird species, positive impacts are also expected for other species of European importance (e.g. Osmoderma eremita, Apium repens, Marsilea quadrifolia), as well as habitats of European importance (e.g. 1340, 6120, 6210, 6260).

Project activities also aim to increase the abundance and diversity of pollinators in intensively farmed landscapes. The project will restore 700 ha of steppe habitats. Sustainable management of restored grasslands will be maintained through extensive grazing or mowing. For the European Roller (Coracias garrulus) and the Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus), 1600 nest boxes will be installed to enhance breeding opportunities for these rare species.

The project will restore 30 ha of wetlands by improving water retention conditions by 30,000 m³ each spring. Wetland restoration, combined with the planting of 1,000 regionally native or local-origin trees, will increase carbon sequestration by 169.7 tC/year.

Communication and awareness-raising activities aim to reach more than 500,000 people, including key stakeholders. Active participation and cooperation with local farmers, communities, and volunteers will foster community engagement. The project will leverage CAP 2023–2027 funds by promoting effective use of eco-schemes and creating 10 km of biocorridors (permanent flowering strips, rows of trees and shrubs).

A robust monitoring program will support the assessment of eco-scheme impacts on biodiversity. Monitoring results, along with feedback from participating farmers, will inform eco-scheme policy design in the 2028–2035 programming period.

A breakthrough activity of the project is the preparation of a restoration plan for 1500 ha of wetlands in the Medzibodrožie SPA, serving as a catalyst for effective use of EU REPOWER funding for Slovakia.

Target species:

European Roller (Coracias garrulus)

The European roller inhabits open landscapes, forest steppes, and forest edges. It nests in tree cavities, but also favors nest boxes. During winter, it migrates to sub-Saharan Africa, preferring dry savannas and bushy areas. Its diet mainly consists of large insects such as grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, but it also hunts small vertebrates like lizards. This species is threatened by habitat loss and the decline of pasture lands. 

European Roller is a LIFE priority species breeding in steppes of south and east Europe with a globally decreasing population trend (102,000-208,000 individuals). In the Slovak Red List, it is considered strongly endangered (EN). The long-term population trend shows a significant decline of up to 50%, and the breeding range has shrunk by up to 80%. The species did not breed in Slovakia for 10 years. In 2020, the species returned to breed in Slovakia, but its survival remains uncertain.

Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus)

The red-footed falcon inhabits open grasslands, agricultural areas, and savannas. It nests in colonies, often using abandoned rook nests. During winter, it migrates to southern Africa. Its diet mainly consists of insects, but it also hunts small vertebrates. This species is threatened by habitat loss and the decline of rook colonies in the open land. 

Red-footed Falcon is a LIFE priority species breeding in steppes of south and east Europe, Africa, and Asia, globally classified as Vulnerable (VU) because it is experiencing a moderately rapid population decline due to habitat loss and degradation. In the European Red List, it is classified as Vulnerable (VU). The Slovak population of 10-20 breeding pairs has increased in recent years thanks to conservation efforts, but the long-term population has decreased by up to 80%, and the breeding range has shrunk by up to 90%. According to SK-RL, it is considered critically endangered (CR).

Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa)

The black-tailed godwit inhabits wetlands, wet meadows, and coastal areas. It nests on the ground in grassy vegetation. During winter, it migrates to Western Europe, Africa, and South Asia. Its diet consists of insects, worms, and mollusks. This species is threatened by habitat loss and agricultural intensification. The population of the black-tailed godwit has globally declined rapidly due to changes in agricultural practices. According to the European Red List, it is classified as Near Threatened (NT) and even Critically Endangered (CR) according to SK-RL. The European population was estimated at 102,000-149,000 individuals with a decreasing trend. The Slovak population was estimated at 0-2 breeding pairs with a 50-100% decrease in the long-term perspective. Since 2007, only sporadic attempts at nesting have been recorded at two locations. However, the species is regularly observed during migrations in Slovakia.

Common Redshank (Tringa totanus)

The common redshank inhabits coastal areas, wetlands, and river floodplains. It nests on the ground in low vegetation. During winter, it migrates to Southern Europe, Africa, and South Asia. Its diet consists of insects, worms, and small crustaceans. This species is threatened by habitat loss, especially due to agricultural intensification and inappropriate water management. 

Common Redshank is widespread in Europe with a decreasing population trend. According to the European Red List, it is considered Vulnerable (VU). The Slovak population was estimated at 20-40 breeding pairs with a decreasing short-term population trend (10-20%) and a strong decline in the long-term perspective (50-70%). According to SK-RL, it is classified as Endangered (EN).

Garganey (Spatula querquedula)

The garganey inhabits freshwater wetlands, lakes, and ponds. It nests in dense vegetation near water. During winter, it migrates to sub-Saharan Africa. Its diet consists of insects, mollusks, and plant material. This species is threatened by habitat loss, especially due to negative interventions in wetlands and their inappropriate management. 

The decreasing European population of the garganey was estimated at 352,000-524,000 pairs. According to the Slovak Red List, it is classified as Vulnerable (VU), which also applies to its classification in the European Red List. The Slovak population was estimated at 50-100 breeding pairs with a decreasing trend in both population size and range.

Scops Owl (Otus scops)

The scops owl inhabits semi-open landscapes, forests, and parks. It nests in tree cavities or old buildings. During winter, it migrates to sub-Saharan Africa. Its diet consists of insects and small vertebrates. This species is threatened by habitat loss, especially due to the removal of old trees and the decline of food availability due to agricultural intensification. 

The Eurasian Scops Owl has a mainly Mediterranean range in Europe with a stable trend but a very uncertain population size estimated at 447,000-749,000 individuals. Slovakia is among the northernmost areas of its distribution, where the population has even increased in recent decades. The national population is low and was estimated at 40-80 breeding pairs. The Scops Owl is not considered endangered in Europe or Slovakia and is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris)

The tawny pipit inhabits dry open landscapes, fields, and sand dunes. It nests on the ground in low and sparse vegetation. During winter, it migrates to tropical Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Its diet consists of insects and seeds. This species is threatened by habitat loss, especially due to large-scale intensive agriculture. 

The tawny pipit has a large distribution range and is estimated to have more than 1 million pairs in Europe. The Slovak population, however, has only 100-120 breeding pairs with a negative trend in population size and a reduction in its distribution range by one-third. In the Slovak Red List, it is considered Vulnerable (VU).

Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius minor)

The lesser grey shrike inhabits open agricultural landscapes with scattered trees and their groups, mainly in lowlands and warmer areas. It nests in taller trees in mosaic agricultural landscapes and larger fruit trees near settlements. During winter, it migrates to southern Africa. Its diet consists of large insects and small vertebrates. This species is threatened mainly by large-scale agriculture, the removal of scattered tree vegetation, and the loss of food availability due to environmental chemicalization. 

The lesser grey shrike is widespread in southern and eastern Europe with a decreasing population estimated at 331,000-896,000 individuals. The Slovak population has 200-300 breeding pairs with a decreasing trend in population size by approximately 50%, and its distribution range has similarly shrunk. According to the Slovak Red List, it is considered strongly endangered (EN).

Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)

The pied avocet inhabits shallow brackish waters, coastal areas, and muddy flats. It nests on open ground, often in colonies. During winter, it migrates to Africa. Its diet consists of worms, crustaceans, and small fish. This species is threatened by the disappearance of suitable habitats due to drying or overgrowth of wetlands caused by inappropriate water management (ponds) or climatic extremes and intensive agriculture (field wetlands). 

The pied avocet is globally widespread, but the breeding range is discontinuous in Europe with a decreasing population estimated at 58,000-74,000 pairs. The Slovak population fluctuates between 0-15 breeding pairs, and the species is considered strongly endangered (EN).

Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)

The Red-backed Shrike inhabits open landscapes with scattered woody vegetation, especially dry meadows, field margins, and shrubland habitats. In Slovakia, it is a common breeding species found across most of the country, primarily in rural areas with less intensive land use. It prefers grasslands with thorny bushes, forest edges, field margins with shrubs, as well as clear-cuts and young forests.

It breeds from May to August, typically placing its nest in shrubs, most often up to 2 meters high. Both the male and female participate in building the nest. In winter, it migrates southward to its wintering grounds in eastern and southern Africa. Males return to the breeding grounds a few days to a week earlier than females.

The Red-backed Shrike feeds mainly on insects—especially beetles and orthopterans.

Its distribution is primarily European, with extensions into the northern part of Central Asia. It breeds from lowlands up to alpine zones at elevations of up to 2000 meters above sea level. The largest populations are found in Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, and Russia. Since the 1970s, its numbers have significantly declined in western and northern Europe, although recent years have seen slight recoveries in some areas.

In Slovakia, an estimated 65,000 to 130,000 pairs breed, with a stable population trend observed between 2005 and 2020. Slight increases have been recorded in the Czech Republic, while declines have been noted in Hungary and Austria.

Thanks to its wide distribution and still relatively large population, the Red-backed Shrike is not currently considered a threatened species in Slovakia.

BirdLife International (2025) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org  on 16/04/2025

Černecký J., Lešo P., Ridzoň J., Krištín A., Karaska D., Darolová A., Fulín M., Chavko J., Bohuš M., Krajniak D., Ďuricová V., Lešová A., Čuláková J., Saxa A., Durkošová J., Andráš P. 2021: Stav ochrany vtáctva na Slovensku v rokoch 2013 – 2018. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica.

Lešo P., Demko M., Krištín A., Ridzoň J., Karaska D., Chavko J., Slobodník R., Lešová A., Kropil R. 2023: Červená kniha ohrozených druhov vtákov Slovenska. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica (in press).

Project Areas

The project sites are located in 9 protected bird areas in southern Slovakia. The target species for these 9 SPAs are the project’s focal species.

 

SPA Senianske Fishponds

The Senianske Ponds SPA is situated in eastern Slovakia, in the northeastern part of the East Slovak Lowland, within the East Slovak Plain. The SPA includes aquatic habitats, mainly ponds and wetlands, as well as steppe-like habitats such as wet meadows and pastures. The SPA was designated to ensure the favorable status and protection of 11 criterion bird species: Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), Great Egret (Egretta alba), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Great Bittern (Botaurus stellaris), Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida), Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), and Common Redshank (Tringa totanus). Despite the high level of protection in parts of the area, some of the endangered bird species have insufficient protection status, requiring further improvement. Therefore, three bird species inhabiting the wet steppe habitats in the area – Pied Avocet, Black-tailed Godwit, and Common Redshank – were chosen as the project’s target species.

SPA Medzibodrožie

Medzibodrožie spans an area bordered by the rivers Bodrog, Tisa, and Latorica. It is characterized by the intermingling of various types of lowland habitats and communities. A significant portion consists of aquatic habitats – the rivers Latorica, Bodrog, and Laborec, along with a system of oxbow lakes, canals, and material pits. The area includes meadow and pasture communities with periodically waterlogged depressions and permanent marshes, which serve as nesting sites for water bird species. Currently, 37 bird species are protected in the Medzibodrožie SPA. A total of 254 bird species have been observed in the area. The SPA hosts the largest Slovak populations of Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Great Bittern (Botaurus stellaris), Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), Black Tern (Chlidonias niger), Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeroginosus), White Stork (Ciconia ciconia), and Little Crake (Porzana parva). Despite legislation, it is necessary to enhance the protection of the area and ensure satisfactory protection status for the endangered target bird species. The project focuses on 6 of them: Common Redshank, Garganey, Eurasian Skylark, Red-backed Shrike, Lesser Grey Shrike,  and Eurasian Scops Owl.

SPA Porimavie – Cerová vrchovina

The Cerová vrchovina – Porimavie SPA is characterized by a rolling hilly landscape in the southern part of central Slovakia. The western part is predominantly composed of volcanic rocks (andesite, basalt, tuff), which in some cases form steep rock formations (Steblová skala, Pohanský hrad, Soví hrad, Šomoška). The eastern part is composed of sandstone, creating a rolling hilly landscape with dry, nutrient-poor soils. The landscape is mainly covered by oak-hornbeam forests, interspersed with grasslands, orchards, and arable land. Large parts of the SPA were historically used for cattle and sheep grazing. Due to socio-economic changes, the amount of grazed land has significantly decreased, and many valuable grasslands and original orchards are overgrown with dense shrubs and invasive trees. The project in the Cerová vrchovina – Porimavie SPA primarily focuses on two bird species: Red-backed Shrike and Eurasian Scops Owl.

SPA Žitavský luh

The Žitavský luh SPA is characterized by flooded wetlands and alluvial meadows. The area represents a richly structured habitat of tall grasses, sedges, and managed wet meadows (grazing, mowing). Significant feeding habitats for many bird species are provided by open shallow water areas alternating with patches of tall grasses and meadows. The selected species for protection in the area are Garganey (Anas querquedula), Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana), and Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeroginosus). This area is the last regular nesting site for Garganey in Slovakia and serves as an important migratory stopover for the species during spring and autumn migration.

SPA Parížske močiare

The Parížske močiare SPA represents an extensive marsh, which, due to its reed bed extent, ranks among the largest wetlands of this type in Slovakia, thus being classified as a wetland of international importance. The reed bed covers approximately 90% of the marsh, creating limited conditions for species that prefer richly structured habitats. The criterion species for the Parížske močiare SPA are: Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeroginosus), Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana), European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster), Garganey (Anas querquedula), Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon), and Great Bittern (Botaurus stellaris). The project’s target species for this location is Garganey, which has been recorded during migration and occasionally nests here.

SPA Dolné Považie

The Dolné Považie SPA is one of the largest bird areas situated predominantly in agricultural landscapes in Slovakia. The area has a partly steppe character. The lowland landscape is interwoven with rivers, canals, wetlands, tree lines with small forests, sand dunes, and salt marshes. The higher diversity of the landscape was the reason for declaring the area of European importance for the protection of rare plant species and habitats. In the Dolné Považie SPA, 239 bird species have been recorded, of which 111 are breeding. Until 1950, the SPA was covered by a diverse mosaic of agricultural land with low-intensity farming, ample grasslands, pastures, wetlands, river meanders, scattered trees, and pollarded willows with cavities. Such conditions were favorable for the target bird species and supported biodiversity. However, due to massive collectivization, wetland drainage, conversion of grasslands to arable land, and a decline in grazing, conditions for the target species have drastically deteriorated, resulting in a significant population decline. The project in this area focuses on 4 bird species that typically indicate species-rich agricultural landscapes: European Roller, Red-footed Falcon, Eurasian Skylark, and Red-backed Shrike.

SPA Ostrovné lúky

The Ostrovné lúky SPA is located in the warmer region of southwestern Slovakia. It belongs to warm and very dry areas with mild winters. It covers an area of 8,297.7 hectares and spans eleven cadastral territories. The current landscape structure has the character of agricultural steppe, predominantly composed of fields, with smaller areas of meadows and pastures, remnants of forests, or groups of willows. Despite legislative protection, the protection status of some endangered target bird species is unsatisfactory. Therefore, 3 bird species inhabiting the habitats of the Ostrovné lúky SPA were selected for the project: Eurasian Skylark, Red-backed Shrike, and Red-footed Falcon.

SPA Dunajské luhy

The Dunajské luhy SPA spans a vast area of the inland delta of the Danube in Slovakia. The area is an important biocenter and represents an international biocorridor for the migration of fish, birds, and other biota elements. Historically, it was shaped by the dynamics of the Danube River, resulting in a diverse mosaic of river branches, oxbow lakes, wetlands, reed beds, floodplain forests, as well as habitats typical of extensive land use (alluvial meadows, pastures, pollarded willows). Due to river regulation and especially after the construction of the Gabčíkovo reservoir, the river dynamics were significantly altered, and extensive areas of the Danube delta were practically destroyed. Other threats include intensive forestry, loss of connectivity of river branches, wetland drainage, and loss of traditional management of grassland habitats (mowing or extensive grazing), as well as the loss of traditional pollarding of willows. As a result, populations of species dependent on grassland habitats (Common Redshank, Eurasian Skylark) have significantly declined. The project focuses on 3 bird species that utilize grassland or wetland habitats: Common Redshank, Garganey, and Eurasian Skylark.

SPA Lehnice

The Lehnice SPA was established to preserve habitats for bird species of European importance and migratory bird species, ensuring the conditions for their survival and reproduction. The criterion species of the area are the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix), and Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus). The area is located in the Dunajská Streda district and consists of an intensively farmed agricultural landscape with patches of grasslands. The project’s target species is the Red-footed Falcon.

Project title: Developing best practices in butterfly conservation in Central and Eastern Europe

Project sector: LIFE, Nature and Biodiversity

Project acronym: LIFE Metamorphosis

Project code: LIFE21 NAT/SK/101074487

Expected start date: 01/09/2022

Expected end date: 31/03/2029

Total project budget: EUR 5,498,521.28 (60 % EU financial contribution)

Project partners: BROZ, State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Fundatia ADEPT Transilvania, Őrségi Nemzeti Park, Institute of Zoology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences

Focus of the project:

The project is focused on best practices in butterfly conservation that were subject of several projects carried out across Europe, adding innovation activities as well. Its acronym Metamorphosis refers not only to the complex life cycle of the target species, but also to positive changes of their habitats as well as transformation of policies, target groups practices that will lead to halting the decline of selected endangered species and pollinators in general.

The main causes of the decline of butterfly populations in the project areas are degradation and disappearance of highly diverse ecosystems, and abandonment of traditional forms of land use. Modern farming is responsible for creation of large, homogeneous grasslands for intensive grazing and uniform management by mowing, but it also degraded unique transition and ecotone habitats between forests and grasslands, where a great variety of butterfly species thrive. Intensification of farming is also responsible for the rapid decline of wetlands and wet meadows, by draining and ploughing wet meadows and removal of small water bodies used as watering places for animals.  On the other hand, many localities were abandoned due to inaccessibility to agricultural machinery and are currently overgrown by successive vegetation. The project’s target species and habitats were also adversely affected by changes in forestry management, primarily by the planting of inappropriate trees (e.g. Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Robinia pseudoacacia), the destruction of original lowland forests containing Fraxinus and Ligustrum, or abandonment of grazing in forests, which led to the creation of dense stands not suitable for the occurrence of target species.

 

The main project objectives:

1. Restoration of habitats – removal of successive vegetation, grazing and mowing of grasslands, creation of wide edges between grasslands and forests, creation of wetlands and patches of bare soil, planting of food plants
2. Restoration of extinct local populations of 6 butterfly species through restitution (release of bred individuals) or translocation of individuals from sufficiently strong populations
3. Improving the network of protected areas for butterflies by including three new localities in the NATURA 2000 system and ten other sites as “insect biodiversity hotspots” under national law
4. Acquiring relevant scientific data on the target species, especially on the genetic structure of the populations targeted for restitution
5. Mapping of population occurrence with emphasis on searching for possible populations of Colias myrmidone in Slovakia and Romania and “insect biodiversity hotspots” for designation of new protected areas
6. Ensuring long-term management of habitats and sustainable use of their services in cooperation with local stakeholders and communities
7. Development of an innovative Biodiversity credit scheme for butterflies in Romania
8. Increasing the awareness of stakeholders and public regarding target species, conservation measures and their importance by using projects on mapping of butterflies and other dissemination activities (school programme, films, volunteer events, guided tours, information panels)
9. Replicating the best practices in conservation of butterflies with stakeholders in localities not targeted by the project
10. Spreading the knowledge, know-how of the project in different localities, regions and EU states where target species occur, participating in events, conferences and networking visits
11. Developing (SK and RO) and consolidating (HU) links to the European Biodiversity Monitoring Scheme (eBMS)

Jersey Tiger (Callimorpha quadripunctaria)

Adults are active during the day and can be observed especially in July and August on the flowers of Sambucus sp. and Eupatorium sp.. Larvae are polyphagous and feed on numerous low-growing plants. It is still a locally common species, occurring mainly in valleys and on the edges of forests. However, it is necessary to ensure suitable habitats for the existing populations.

Danube Clouded Yellow (Colias myrmidone)

The most endangered species of the project, the originally widespread Eastern European butterfly, was known from the Danube basin to Western Asia. It has become extinct in most of Central Europe and is critically endangered in the EU. In western Slovakia, it was widespread in a metapopulation that occurred in most of the territory of western Slovakia. Today, it is threatened with extinction with isolated occurrences in a few locations in the project area. In Romania, it disappeared from many locations, surviving only in the Apuseni mountains and in the Giurgeu-Ciuc basin. It has already become extinct in Hungary.

Butterflies fly in two generations: May-June and July-August on lowland meadows and slopes. The host plant for the caterpillars is Chamaecytisus sp. Its decline is caused by the destruction or change of habitats, the increase or abandonment of land use, overgrazing or, conversely, the complete abandonment of traditional grazing, climate change, afforestation with non-native trees (such as Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia) and intensive large-scale mowing of meadows at the same time.

It is necessary to continue the protective measures for this species in Slovakia, which relate to appropriately timed extensive mowing and grazing and to ensure the still numerous but declining populations in Romania.

Eastern Eggar (Eriogaster catax)

Larvae prefer sunny, xerothermic habitats with the presence of food plants: hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), sloe plum (Prunus spinosa). It avoids large bushes in shaded formations, while low bushes in grazed pastures are ideal for this species. The caterpillars live in nests in April – May and individually crawl out in June. Adult butterflies fly at night during September and October. In Slovakia, their populations are decreasing and the area of historically large suitable habitats is also shrinking, as the butterflies are tied to the initial stages of overgrowing meadows and pastures. In order to preserve its populations, selective management aimed at restoring both the spatial and age structure of hawthorn meadows is necessary.

Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia)

Isolated populations live in wetlands with a food plant Succisa pratensis or in open dry grasslands, where larvae feed on Scabiosa canescens, S. columbaria and Knautia arvensis. Adults fly in one generation in May and June.

Populations in Borská nižina have been exterminated by extensive use of insecticides and afforestation of dry grasslands (Bežnisko), or by intensive mowing of wetlands (Abrod) in July, when larvae are most vulnerable to destruction. A stable isolated population have recently been discovered in eastern Slovakia (Dukla). By limiting inappropriate management, the restoration of historical sites of this extremely rare species is possible. In Hungary, the last strongholds of the wet ecotype of the species are in the project area, but here they also underwent a severe decline in the last decade.

Protection measures are the prevention of succession and time-appropriate mosaic mowing with the complete exclusion of mulching.

Scarce Fritillary (Euphydryas maturna)

This species occurs in very isolated and local populations on the edges of lowland forests and valleys containing a mixture of old and young low-growing trees and shrubs. Adults fly in one generation in late May to June. The larvae develop on leaves of Fraxinus excelsior or Ligustrum vulgare from June and in April – early May after overwintering in silken nests. In most localities this species is threatened by destruction of the original lowland forests and excessive use of insecticides. Mostly due to intensive forestry methods, populations are decreasing.

Fenton’s Wood White (Leptidea morsei)

A typical type of diurnal butterfly of light grassland forests. Its occurrence is currently only known in Slovakia recently from Spiš and Liptov. In the rest of Slovakia, its occurrence is more recently unconfirmed. The territory of Hungary is also not confirmed recently. In Romania, this species is known from Transylvania and northern Muntenia, it can also occur in the Oltenia region. Some of the largest known populations in Europe still survive in Transylvania. Monitoring of this kind is insufficient both in Slovakia and in Romania. The difficulty of monitoring also lies in its similarity to related butterflies of the genus Leptidea, which occur with it in same locations.

Leptidea morsei inhabits sparse, well-lit forests, forest clearings and edges in the foothills. The limiting factor for the occurrence of the species is the abundant presence of its food plants, which are several species of Lathyrus sp. or Vicia sylvatica.

Depending on the location and place of occurrence, the butterflies fly in one or two generations first from mid-April to mid-June and later in July – August. The female lays her eggs in lower positions mainly on Lathyrus vernus and L. niger, but in Transylvania more often also on L. hallersteinii. Females of populations from higher locations lay their eggs on Vicia sylvatica. Butterflies react sensitively to adverse weather conditions and have a slow flight. The main source of nectar is the flowers of species from Fabaceae family.

Woodland Brown (Lopinga achine)

A Euro-Siberian species forming closed isolated populations. Historically, it was a widespread diurnal butterfly of pasture forests in Slovakia. Today, its occurrence is limited only to sparsely lit forests and forest-steppes in eastern Slovakia (e.g. Slovenský Kras – Horný vrch, Fabiánka) or in the Volovské vrchy. Adults fly in June to the beginning of July in well-lit places with a specifically developed shrub floor, which it plays an irreplaceable role in wedding flights and the mating of images. Larvae feed on grasses (Brachypodium sp.). In Romania, it occurs in hilly areas. It is very rare, surviving only from a few, very small populations in the Bucharest area. Even in Hungary, this species is strictly protected and extremely rare, its occurrence is limited to open forests and forest clearings.

This species is a good indicator of the original bright pasture forests with a winding mosaic of shrub floor and at the same time an abundant growth of herbs. In the current era of the prevailing economically used high-stemmed forests these are very unique habitats hosting a huge diversity of plant and insect species, rarely occurred nowadays.

Large Copper (Lycaena dispar)

A heat-loving species that inhabits herbaceous banks of running and standing water and wetter valley meadows with a well-preserved water regime. The adults fly in two generations in May to June and July to August on lowland dry and wet meadows with abundant food plants such as Rumex crispus, R. hydrolapathum and R. aquaticus. Even in the past, the butterfly was not abundant in the localities where it occurs. It reacts very sensitively to changes in the environment. The reason for the decline of this butterfly is the loss of water in the habitats. Last but not least, the intensification of agricultural practices and the gradual overgrowing of natural wet meadows and springs with bushes. The main protective measure is to maintain or restore the water regime and to prevent the sites being overgrown with successive trees.

Violet Copper (Lycaena helle)

Missing in Slovakia, does not occur in Hungary. A species with a relatively compact distribution in Scandinavia and Siberia. In Romania, viable populations remained only around Baia Mare, Satu Mare and Șercaia. Over the last 100 years, as a result of the degradation of localities, several populations have become extinct in Bohemia and Moravia and in Poland. Currently successfully restituted to Šumava in Czech Republic. It occurs very locally in mezohygrophilous meadows or forest clearings and springs with the occurrence of Polygonum bistorta, which is the exclusive food plant for the larvae. Adults fly in two generations: May – mid-June and July – mid-August. Males are strongly territorial. They hibernate in the pupa stage. The main protective measure is the preservation of an undisturbed water regime and appropriate management of the locations of its occurrence. Mosaic mowing and succession prevention. For this species, in addition to the restoration of destroyed habitats, the expected measure is also the transfer of individuals from locations where it still occurs.

Large Blue (Phengaris arion)

These butterflies are strictly myrmecophilous and the larvae spend most of their development in anthills adopted by ants of the genus Myrmica. Therefore, this species needs locations with sufficient colonies of ants of this genus for its occurrence. This is a typical pasture species, which mainly inhabits extensively used and grazed grasslands with the occurrence of Thymus sp. and Origanum vulgare. It has only one generation per year. Many local populations became extinct due to changes in land use and the loss of extensive grazing. Most of the remaining populations are small and isolated. For possible future translocations, genetic studies are necessary to determine the specific status of each population.

The current status of this species in Romania is unknown, therefore it is essential to monitor and identify new populations. The main protective measure is the restoration of extensive mowing and grazing.

Dusky Large Blue (Phengaris nausithous)

In Slovakia, its area of distribution is limited to wet meadows in the Borská nižina (Abrod, Rudava), the Biele Karpaty mountains (Holubyho kopanice) and the Turčianska kotlina, where it is usually sympatric and synchronous with Ph. (M.) teleius. Several local populations have become extinct due to the intensification of agricultural practices and the drainage of wetlands.

Adult individuals fly from the end of July to August and lay their eggs in the flowers of Sanquisorba officinalis. The larval development is similar to the previous species.

Its largest population in Hungary can be found in the area of Őrség in mixed populations with Ph. (M.) teleius and Ph. (M.) alcon. Also important for its occurrence are the scrubby edges of wet meadows, which farmers have eliminated in recent years in order to increase the subsidized area. Some of its habitats were overgrown with invasive Solidago gigantea.

Scarce Large Blue (Phengaris teleius)

A species that requires moist meadows with an abundant presence of a foot plant Sanquisorba officinalis) in whose flowers they lay their eggs. Young larvae feed on flowers, and 4th instar larvae take ants (Myrmica sp.) to their underground anthills, where they develop and emerge as adults the following summer. Many populations of Ph. (M.) teleius have become extinct as a result of intensification of agricultural practices and drainage of wetlands.

In Hungary, this species is common in the Őrség region, but has undergone a sharp decline in the last decade. Its survival depends on the appropriate timing of mowing and the availability of unmown areas.

In Romania, viable populations are known from Transylvania, Bukovina, Crișana, Satu Mare and Maramureș, but so far too few populations have been detected, so further monitoring is desirable.

The conservation measure for the populations of Phengaris (Maculinea) nausithous and Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius is primarily the preservation and restoration of the water regime of the sites. Avoiding succession and appropriate timing of mowing.

Mountain Apollo (Parnassius Apollo)

The species is existentially bound to the early successional stages of sites with exposed geological foundations, primarily in limestone areas of medium mountain locations. Adults fly from late June to August on rocky slopes and meadows with an abundance of caterpillar host plants: Sedum album, Hylotelephium argutum, H. maximum and Jovibarba globifera. In some localities, they probably also use Rhodiola rosea and various Sempervivum sp.. Flowers of Cirsium sp. and Carduus sp. are an important source of nectar for adults that live for 1-2 months. In the past, this butterfly was widespread in suitable non-forested locations in almost all limestone and some granite mountains of Slovakia. It is now extinct in most localities and it is alarming that historically known large populations of 570 localities have been reduced to 40–50 isolated colonies. Sites that once had thousands of individuals are now vulnerable to extinction with less than a hundred or a few hundred individuals. The main conservation measure is the restoration of habitats associated with the removal of inappropriate successive vegetation, or the restoration of grazing by suitable animals.

Clouded Apollo (Parnassius Mnemosyne)

An ecologically demanding heliophilous species occurring very locally from lowlands to mid-mountain locations. It flies in one generation in May and June in meadows, forest clearings and in sparse forest edges with a well-developed herbaceous layer. The host plants of the caterpillars are Corydalis cava and C. solida and other related species.

As a result of the conversion of extensively managed grazing forests to high forest stands, the originally large and interconnected populations in Slovakia were reduced. This fragmentation has resulted in the local extinction of populations in recent decades.

It is still a common species in the Őrség region, especially in stream valleys with extensive wet forests, forest clearings and meadows adjacent to forests, where the adult butterflies find food, but population is decreasing.

The protective measures focus primarily on the restoration of the structure of forest edges with a large number of food plants for larvae: Corydalis sp.

Bavius Blue (Pseudophylotes bavius)

This species is bound to steppe meadows on clay or calcareous soils. Adults fly from the end of April to the middle of May. They lay their eggs on Salvia nutans, on which larvae subsequently develop.

It is known from the Balkans, Turkey, Ukraine, northern Iran, Syria, western Kazakhstan and southern Russia with several subspecies. It does not occur in Slovakia and Hungary. In Romania, it is spread extremely locally, in small and isolated populations. Subspecies P. b. hungarica is endemic to the western half of the Transylvanian Depression. Populations from Dobrudja, which are also threatened, belong to a different subspecies. Accurate monitoring of each population is necessary.

Southern Festoon (Zerynthia Polyxena)

A heat-loving, extremely locally occurring species, whose adults fly in one generation in April and May. Its monophagous larvae feed on leaves and flowers of Aristolochia clematitis. They occur on food plants in June to July. Later, they also pupate on the food plant. The pupa waits, tied on the stalks, until spring, when a new generation of adults hatches. During this period, most meadows with food plants are mowed or mulched and most larvae and pupae are destroyed. Intensification of land use is the main threat to local populations.

In addition to species protection, the project also focuses on the restoration of habitat of the type 6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (*important orchid sites). They occur in warm locations from lowlands to foothills, on limestone, dolomite or calcareous sandstone. They are characterized by high biodiversity and the occurrence of many rare species, especially orchids, e.g. Anacamptis pyramidalis, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys holubyana. Annual mowing or extensive grazing is required to maintain a suitable condition. Many stands are currently abandoned and due to the rapid invasion of bushes, their area and quality have decreased. They are also threatened by afforestation and the absence of the traditional way of managing by grazing and mowing.

Project localities in Slovakia:

SKUEV0117 Abrod

SKUEV0274 Baske

SKUEV0566 Beckovské skalice

SKUEV0172 Bežnisko

SKUEV0267, SKUEV1267 Biele hory

SKUEV0278, SKUEV1278 Brezovské Karpaty

SKUEV0359 Dechtárske vinice

SKUEV0280 Devínska Kobyla

SKUEV0366, SKUEV2366 Drienčanský kras

SKUEV0669 Drieňové

SKUEV0048 Dukla

SKUEV0355 Fabiánka

SKUEV0125, SKUEV1125 Gajarské alúvium Moravy 

SKUEV0367, SKUEV2367 Holubyho kopanice

SKUEV0356 Horný vrch

SKUEV0375 Krasín

SKUEV0566 Kyseľová a Mníchová úboč

SKUEV0362, SKUEV1362 Pieskovcové chrbty

SKUEV0117 Rudava

SKUEV0256 Strážovské vrchy

Project localities in Romania:

ROSCI0427 Pajiștile de la Liteni – Săvădisla

ROSCI0439 Valea Chiuruților

ROSCI0323 Munții Ciucului

ROSCI0274 Agârbiciu

ROSCI0253 Trascău

ROSCI0227 Sighisoara-Târnava Mare

ROSCI0074 Făgetul Clujului – Valea Morii

ROSCI0035 Cheile Turzii

ROSCI0002 Apuseni

 

Project locality in Hungary:

HUON20018 Őrség

Mapping, genetic screening of selected species, review on planned activities, habitat restoration, translocations and restitutions, exit strategy for restitution efforts

The abundance and distribution of all target species will be monitored at the project sites. The quality of habitats, methods of their management, availability of host plants and overall biological diversity will also be evaluated.

Thanks to these activities, we will have at our disposal:

– map data on populations and locations butterfly species of Habitats Directive

– map the distribution of suitable or potential habitat patches, stepping  stones and biocorridors in the vicinity of the existing populations

– carry out genetic screening of at least 6 species for restitution purposes

– mapping results, which will be used not only to restore and improve the conditions of existing butterfly populations, but also to improve the connectivity and dynamics of metapopulations.

Conservation Actions in Slovakia

Habitat restoration will take place using best practices for target butterfly species. Removal of invasive vegetation, thinning of forests, creation of wider ecotones between forests and grasslands will be implemented. We will support a change in management from intensive cultivation of large-scale monoculture meadows and pastures to an extensively used mosaic of habitats with modification of the grazing regime, reduction of the number of animals per area, preference for mixed herds of goats, sheep, cows, horses and donkeys, leaving unmown lines of vegetation and solitary trees and bushes , and by the exclusion of mulching from management methods.

Many butterfly populations have become locally extinct due to the degradation of suitable conditions and also due to the limited ability to migrate longer distances. After the restoration of optimal conditions in these locations, we want to restore the populations either through individuals obtained by breeding or captured from sufficiently numerous populations.

With this activity we will restore and create:

– 170 ha of habitats by thinning the forests and clearing abandoned pastures, grazed forests

– 30 km of restored wide edges between forests and grasslands

– 200 ha of habitats with changed land use from intensive to extensive, creation of mosaic instead of monoculture grasslands

– 30 small-scale measures to create wetlands and bare soil

– 30 patches of seeded or planted food plants

– at least eight populations of selected species populations by rearing and release or by relocations

– 3 new localities included into NATURA 2000 network and 10 other sites as “insect biodiversity hotspots” under national law

Conservation Actions in Romania

In cooperation with the community, we will work to solve the social causes of habitat loss. Selected species will be restored to locations where suitable habitats exist but the species have died out.

At the project sites in Romania we will:

– restore 500 ha of grasslands from poor condition to suitable condition for target species

– reintroduce 2 species to suitable areas – Lycaena helle and Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius

– carry out range expansion of Pseudophylotes bavius 

– promote the good management in at least 6 communities/valleys with a total area of approx. 1200 ha

Conservation Actions in Hungary

During the implementation of conservation measures, experience from previous similarly focused projects will be used, and the area managed with methods suitable for the target species will be increased, and connections between individual locations will also be created.

The Hungarian partner of the project will:

– restore 21 ha of habitats by thinning the forests and creation of opening glades

– restore 131 ha of grasslands by mowing

– plant food plants – Carex brizoides on an area of 200 m2

– restoration of Euphydryas aurinia to 2 sites of previous occurrence

Impact monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring will be focused both on the direct monitoring of the impact of project activities on the target species and also on the assessment of habitat changes and biodiversity with a focus on pollinators. The data will be gathered using European Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (eBMS) methodology. The inclusion of Slovakia and Romania in the eBMS is a significant benefit of the project: until now they have not participated. Hungary already cooperates with eBMS and will continue to provide data.

The evaluation of ecosystem services will be developed with the aim of using the achieved results in other projects and in arguments with interested parties, e.g. farmers and local residents to understand the importance and benefits of the measures and continue their application even after the end of the project.

Dissemination and communication

Through regular updating of the website, communication through social networks, creation of information panels and other information materials, medialization of the project on TV and radio, organizing volunteer events and guided tours. Short films about butterflies will also be created, and a specialized educational butterfly playground will also be created in NP Őrség.

Sustainability, replication, and exploitation of project results

The task of the project is also to support the discussion and cooperation of interest groups, such as farmers, the scientific community, key workers of institutions, offices and municipalities, non-governmental organizations and volunteers. We will inform them about best practices in the restoration and management of butterfly habitats and measures for their protection during workshops and presentations, or through publications.

University students will also be involved in the monitoring, who will be able to replicate their knowledge further. The knowledge gained during the project will be presented and discussed at regular meetings of lepidopterists in Hungary.

The project will support efforts to protect nature among local communities through the so-called “replication packages”, which will be used to cover the costs associated with e.g. with the cleaning of sites, the purchase of animals, small equipment or fencing, with the planting of trees on sites where the project does not directly affect.

WP1: Project Management and Coordination

T.1.1 Project Management

Key personnel have been hired for the project. Project partner meetings are held primarily online. Two project steering committees have taken place (in December 2023 and December 2024).

 

WP2: Mapping, Genetic Screening of Selected Species, Overview of Planned Habitat Restoration Activities, Translocations and Reintroductions, Exit Strategies for Reintroduction Efforts

T.2.1 Mapping of Populations, Habitat Quality, and Insect Biodiversity

In Slovakia, species and habitat mapping was carried out in 2023 and 2024, primarily in the areas of the Myjava Uplands, Little Carpathians, White Carpathians, Považský Inovec, Strážov Mountains, and Nitrické vrchy Mountains. The monitoring will continue in 2025, including new locations in the Cerová vrchovina Protected Landscape and Slovak Karst. After the monitoring is completed, a map of the most significant biodiversity sites will be created.

In Romania, monitoring was conducted three times per year in 2023 on 37 transects and in 2024 on 52 transects. A total of 97 species of day-flying butterflies were recorded. On large cattle pastures, 28 individuals of 12 species were observed, while traditional meadows hosted up to 50 individuals of 15 species. Inventory maps of the target species—the Danube Clouded Yellow (Colias myrmidone) and Fenton’s Wood White (Leptidea morsei)—were developed.

In the Hungarian project area, mapping was conducted for the quaking-grass sedge (Carex brizoides) , a host plant for the Woodland Brown (Lopinga achine). From sufficiently strong source populations, 240 specimens will be transplanted to other locations.

 

WP3: Conservation Activities in Slovakia

T.3.1 Habitat Restoration

In six Sites of Community Importance (SCIs), 93.48 ha of abandoned pastures and grazed woodlands (of the planned 170 ha) and 3.1 km of forest edges (of the planned 30 km) have been cleared. On 78.31 ha of these cleared areas, BROZ, in cooperation with local farmers, has already initiated grazing, and 4.11 ha are being mown by the State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic (ŠOPSR) to prevent habitat overgrowth.

A shift from intensive land use to extensive management, with the creation of mosaic structures instead of monocultures, has been achieved on 71.37 ha (of the planned 200 ha). In these locations, mulching has been replaced by grazing or mowing, and intensive grazing has been replaced with extensive grazing, featuring fewer animals and rotational grazing.

In two locations in the Holubyho Kopanice area, wetlands were restored and 15 small plots were established over 1.8 ha, where host plant species were planted or sown: woundworts (Anthyllis vulneraria), European birthworts (Aristolochia clematitis), Corydalis cava,  fumeworts (Corydalis solida), star gentians (Gentiana cruciata), fly honeysuckles (Lonicera xylosteum), common sainfoins (Onobrychis viciifolia), and great burnets (Sanguisorba officinalis). Additionally, 1,090 trees were planted on 11.7 ha.

T.3.3 Land Purchase and Lease

Under this activity, BROZ purchased 5.24 ha of land out of the planned 10 ha. The land will be used for activities aimed at achieving favorable conservation status of habitats and species, for scientific research purposes, environmental education and awareness, support for organic farming, and the keeping of domestic livestock.

T.3.4 Improving Connectivity Between Areas

Five new Sites of Community Importance were added to the NATURA 2000 network: Lúky pod Čičermancom, Bielokarpatské predhorie, Nový vrch, Lúky Horného vrchu, and Silickobrezovské lúky.

An additional 14 existing sites were expanded: Rokoš, Strážovské vrchy, Krivoklátske lúky, Holubyho kopanice, Krasín, Žalostiná, Lipníkovské, Hubovo, Dolný vrch, Fabiánka, Horný vrch, Kečovské škrapy, Plešivská planina, and Silickobrezovské lúky.

 

WP4: Conservation Activities in Romania

T.4.1 Restoration of Pastures and Hay Meadows

In Romania, this activity has so far been implemented on 7.5 ha due to the need for mapping.. By the end of 2025, a total of 200 ha of pastures and hay meadows are planned to be restored, primarily in areas where the target species occur: the Bavius blue (Pseudophilotes bavius), the Scarce Large blue (Phengaris teleius) and the Danube Clouded Yellow (Colias myrmidone).

T.4.2 Restoration of Populations and Expansion of Target Species Ranges

Romanian partners began the reintroduction of the Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica butterfly. In May 2023, 11 individuals (10 females and 1 male) were translocated from the source population to a new site with a sufficient presence of the host plant Salvia nutans. The following year, 14 individuals of this target subspecies were observed at the new site, and the population was further reinforced with 6 more individuals (5 females and 1 male). During later monitoring, caterpillars in advanced developmental stages were found, indicating that the reintroduction was successful.

An attempt to colonize a new site was also made for the Scarce Large Blue butterfly (Phengaris teleius). In July 2023, 10 females were released onto meadows with Sanguisorba spp. (host plants), and one individual was observed a month later. In the following year, the presence of the butterflies at the site was confirmed again. However, late mowing at the end of the growing season is necessary to support host plant development.

T.4.3 Development of Local Management Plans with Communities

Meetings with local farmers were held in four Romanian villages, where the project and required land management practices for butterfly habitat restoration were presented.

 

WP5: Conservation Activities in Hungary

T.5.1 Habitat Restoration

The original plan to restore 51 ha of habitat has already been exceeded. Hungarian project partners successfully improved the condition of 41 ha of sites for The Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and 20 ha of sites for the Maculinea butterfly species (Phengaris). Thanks to agreements with local farmers, management practices focused on the needs of target butterfly species will continue on an additional 11 ha of meadows. Habitat quality improvements were reflected in an increased number of Euphydryas egg clutches recorded during 2024 monitoring compared to 2023.

Additional measures addressed the habitat requirements of The Woodland Brown butterfly (Lopinga achine). This species thrives in open forest stands with healthy growths of the quaking-grass sedge (Carex brizoides). Therefore, on approximately 3 ha, densely growing trees were thinned to allow more sunlight to reach the forest floor and improve habitat conditions.

For the Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne), lightly wooded forest edges with a rich presence of nectar-producing plants are crucial habitats. Measures focus on removing dense stands of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) and suppressing the regrowth of this invasive plant. Cleared areas will be sown with seed mixtures of species typical of mesophilic grasslands.

 

WP7: Dissemination and Communication

T.7.1 Media and Public Relations

A dedicated project website was launched in Slovak, English, Romanian, and Hungarian to inform the public. An article titled “Umbrella, Keystone, and Flagship Species Are Irreplaceable for Us” was published in the magazine Doma v záhrade. The project was also presented through a short film produced by Mossy Earth, shot at the Beckovské Skalice site. BROZ published 6 posts on its Facebook page and the State Nature Conservancy (ŠOP SR) published 11 posts.

Temporary informational signs were installed at conservation action sites to inform the public about ongoing activities and their significance.

The project was promoted through various materials, including woolen hats and headbands, temporary tattoos for children, apple juice, and a leaflet titled “Grazing is Salvation,” (Pastva je spása) which was distributed in cooperation with the Doma v záhrade magazine.

Romanian partners secured the broadcast of news segments about the project on Antenna 3 CNN, Pro TV, and Radio Brașov. They also published 10 posts on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Project activities are also featured on their website.

Hungarian partners created four roll-up banners, mainly used during workshops and conferences, to share information about the target species, the NATURA 2000 network, and the LIFE programme.

T.7.2 Activities for Target Groups

In Hungary, three guided tours were conducted to raise public awareness of the importance of the target butterfly species. In Slovakia, seven excursions were organized in Holubyho Kopanice, Beckovské Skalice, and on farms participating in the Living Landscape scheme.

The State Nature Conservancy (ŠOP SR) organized 22 workshops where participants voluntarily contributed to conservation efforts, such as clearing overgrowth, building electric fencing on pastures, mowing meadows, and collecting hay.

In Romania, 158 people joined excursions in 2024, learning about the state of meadows and pastures and butterfly occurrence. Additionally, five field trips were organized for 160 students, who had the opportunity to learn about biodiversity and recognize various butterfly species.

 

WP8: Sustainability, Replication, and Utilization of Project Results

T.8.1 Networking, Knowledge Transfer, and Replication

As part of the project, we participated in several events focused on the exchange of expertise and experience, such as the EU CAT Network on Pollinators in Slovenia, the 14th European Conference on Ecological Restoration in Estonia, the Central and Eastern European LIFE Projects’ Platform Meeting, and events on innovative funding practices. We established networks with other projects such as LIFE RestoRED (Sweden), Biodiverse City LIFE (Hungary), and LIFE Apollo2020 (Poland, Czech Republic, Austria). We also attended a conference dedicated to the Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) and organized a workshop on insect conservation and the risks associated with antiparasitic treatments.

The Romanian project partner, ADEPT Foundation, is an active member of the National Pollinator Group coordinated by WWF, which aims to draft a National Pollinator Plan. They are also establishing contacts with similar projects, including BeeActive, Showcase, and SafeGuard Horizon, organized by the Romanian Lepidopterological Society. Additionally, they participated in the Pollinator Friendly Farming Workshop held in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Project title: Implementation of the river basin management plan in selected river sub-basins in Slovakia

Project sector: LIFE Strategic Nature and Integrated Projects (SNaP/SIP)

Project acronym: LIFE21-IPE-SK-LIFE Living Rivers

Project code: 101069837

Duration: 1.1.2023 – 31.12.2032

Total project budget: 27 799 402,33 € (60 % EU financial contribution – 16 677 073,39 €)

Co-ordinating beneficiary:

–       Water Research Institute (VUVH)

Associated beneficiaries:

–       Ministry of Environment (MoE)

–       Slovak Water Management Enterprise, state enterprise (SWME)

–       State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic (SNC SR)

–       Regional Association for Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development (BROZ)

–       WWF Slovakia (WWF)

–       Catch Me If You Can (CM)

–       University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice (JU)

–       Administration of the Tatra National Park (TANAP)

–       Water Management Construction, state enterprise (VVB)

Sound water management is one of emerging challenges that cannot be resolved without an integrated approach. The project will contribute to the implementation of the 3rd RBMP for the Danube (2021-2027) in Slovakia through implementation of measures to eliminate hydromorphological pressures. It addresses ecological targets of the Water Framework Directive and Habitats Directive via management of protected areas, sustainable forest, land management, fishery management and active measures to support natural reproduction of native fish species. The goal of the project is to transpose the identified solutions of the new Water Policy Conception (2021-2030 with prospects till 2050) through an integrated cooperation of public bodies and stakeholders and to connect the (often) contradictory interests within the use of ecosystem services towards an integrated river basin management in the pilot sub-basins. Proposed actions comprise an expertise in several scientific disciplines such as hydrology, hydraulics, morphology, biology, water quality and engineering. This project will demonstrate integrated water resources management at a variety of scales, promoting and utilizing collaborative management and applying the demonstrated best practice examples to wider solutions on a countrywide level.

1. proposal and implementation of measures based on nature based solutions and green infrastructure principles that increase climate resilience, water retention in the river basin, enhance biodiversity and reduce flood risk
2. demonstration of necessary step-by step procedures leading to successful cost-efficient and sustainable restoration, being it preparation activities, stakeholder engagement, detailed monitoring, preparation of detailed technical documentation, obtaining permits and completing necessary legislative procedures
3. restoration of longitudinal connectivity of selected water bodies by removal or reconstruction of barriers, restoration of sediment transport continuity including sediment management, improvement of hydraulic, morphological and ecological effects of existing in-channel structures (barriers, groins, deflective structures, etc.)
4. restoration of lateral connectivity of the main channel with its floodplains by reconnection of side-arms and by re-establishment of natural river banks, restoration of wetlands and stagnant waters as natural retention areas with a direct impact on groundwater storage which would lead to improvement of habitat diversity in the river channel, its floodplain areas and better conditions for lateral migrations and spawning of ichthyofauna
5. improvement of hydrological regime and flow dynamics of the targeted rivers
6. restoration of degraded natural ecosystems and natural fish species populations by:

• improvement of natural reproduction of native endangered and vulnerable fish species
• restoration of wild populations of indigenous protected rheophilic fishes (sterlet) using in situ methods transfer of new methods for fish early life stages investigation and their adopting for conditions of the Danube River in the Slovak Republic

7. introduction of land, wetland and forest management practices in the water-dependent SCIs and SPAs, restoration of vegetation cover on the river banks and in the floodplains
8. targeted monitoring and implementation of several innovative monitoring methods, e.g. screening of newly emerging substances in surface water pollution, telemetric surveys of passability of the Danube for fish, ichthyoplankton monitoring by collection nets, biodiversity survey using DNA analysis (DNA metabarcoding) of both environmental (water) and bulk (benthos) samples, continual fine-sediment monitoring based on ultrasound probes, establishment of hydrological monitoring network with automatic data transfer based on IoT (internet of things), drone mapping, vegetation cover mapping by remote sensing tools etc.
9. exploitation of project results, replication of actions in other regions within the Danube and Visla river basins in Slovakia, knowledge transfer, learning, cooperation and participation of public organizations and stakeholders in water management planning and implementation of relevant plans
10. increased awareness and public acceptance of nature-based solutions and restoration activities via promotion of the need to enhance biodiversity and climate change resilience
11. mobilization and coordination of complementary funds leading to full implementation of the River Basin Management Plan

Project area is represented by water bodies and adjacent habitats in sub-basin of Danube, Hron, Ipel a Belá rivers.

-harmonized Plan of Measures to achieve GES/GEP of the priority water bodies

-priority lists of barriers suitable for removal / reconstruction

-up-to-date database of longitudinal continuity interruptions with verified passability information 

-geodatabase and a web map service with locations of proposed measures from HPoM

-guidance on the prioritization of migration barriers (for Slovak Republic)

-proposal of feasible restoration measures to be implemented within the project as well as outside the project

-feasibility and scoping studies

Danube:

-restoration of at least 3 side river branches with the total length of 9,8 km: river branch at Bodíky – Baka area (side branch system), river branch Medveďov – Kľúčovec, side branch of Veľkolélske rameno river branch system

-restoration of lateral connectivity on 475 ha

-restoration of 38 ha of wetlands

-reconstruction of Dunakiliti weir on the main Danube channel (allowing fish migration) – 9 km migration reach recovered towards Čunovo weir

-removal/reconstruction of 5 barriers on side arms (allowing fish migration) – at least 4 km of free flowing sections restored

Hron catchment:

-reconnection of at least 5 river branches or former meanders at a total length 2,5 km

-improving the status of floodplain habitats in the area of 27 ha

-improving of longitudinal continuity and reinstatement of free-flowing sections of 5 water bodies passable for fish and reconnection of 32,5 rkm of free-flowing stretches

-improving hydromorphological quality indicators and biological quality indicators to reach GES/GEP of at least on one selected heavily modified water body (Slatina river)

Ipeľ river:

-riverbank restoration and lateral connectivity improvement by removal or modification of embankment at total length of 700 m

-reconnection or improvement of water regime in 3 side arms at total length approx. 1,3 km

-improving of the status of floodplain habitats in the area of 11 ha

-the breeding facility and hatchery will breed the brood fish of target species and produce stocks; expected annual production of hatchery is 350,000 juveniles of grayling and brown trout and ca. 10,000 juveniles of minnow
-knowledge and methods transfer to ensure the highest possible quality, adaptability, and genetic variability of fish stock assemblages
-in total, 60 thousand fertilized sterlet eggs will be stocked into the Danube
-each year (2023-2028) 10 thousand of stained sterlet juveniles will be stocked
-moreover, two innovations in in situ sturgeon conservation in Slovakia will be transformed into the practice
-sustainable nature and biodiversity-friendly fishing and fishery management establishment and implementation into the practice
-formation and setting of the rules and principles for the sustainable nature-friendly fishing and fishery management and preparation of the appropriate guidelines 

-establishment of the expert work group for implementation and adaptation of the principles of the fishing and fishery management into the practice
-agreement with water managers, hydro power plants operators, anglers and other water users (industry, agriculture) on compliance with the set rules and proposed measures
-preparation of the methodological tools for the brown trout and grayling culture in the control conditions for nature friendly stocking material production

-elaborated management plans for 8 protected areas (SCIs)

-min. of 60 000 native trees planted to restore 91E0* and 91F0* habitats in the area of min. 50 ha (Danube)

-min. of 300 old pollarded willows restored and 300 new willows for pollarding planted in the area of min. 10 ha (Danube)

-support of natural forest rejuvenation and restoration of habitats in the area of min. 25 ha (Danube)

-grazing of inundation zones re-introduced to the area of min. 39 ha (Danube)

-purchase of living trees and fallen trees and dead wood on the ground and in water as important fish habitats and landscape features – about 700 m3 , i.e about 1000 trees or area of 5 ha (non-state and state lands) 

-tending of young forest stands and riparian vegetation on 50 ha (non-state and state lands) 

-protecting of young trees against red deers on 8 ha (non-state and state lands) 

-80 seedlings planted on ruderal habitats along the tributaries for restoration of riparian vegetation – Hron, Ipeľ

-alluvial meadows are managed by mowing in the area of min. 5 ha – Hron, Ipeľ

 

-compilation of databases of hydrological, morphological, climatological, biological and chemical data for the state before and after implementation of measures

-assessment of ecological status (BQE, physico-chemical quality elements, hydromorphological quality elements) for prior and post implementation phases

-improvement of knowledge base on selected aquatic communities and demonstration of new approaches by environmental DNA, comparison of DNA method with classical approach and recommendation for future biotic monitoring

-determination of the ecological indicators of the ichthyocenoses (abundance, biomass, dominance, equitability, size and age population composition) in the target areas and evaluation of their time development and interconnections with other measures applied within the proposed project (removal of migration barriers, improvement of wastewater treatment function, changes in fisheries management)

-the list of emerging substances such as pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicinal products, industrial pollutants, body care products, pesticides and especially their degradation products will be available based on 144 sampling campaigns

-the content of 126 relevant substances from the group of pharmaceuticals (48 compounds) and pesticides (78 compounds) will be evaluated in ten POCIS and complementary in twenty water grab samples in every year of the project

-comparison of pollution profiles and concentrations of micropollutants in water before and after the implementation of restoration measures

-monitoring of relevant habitats and species in targeted NATURA 2000 areas for comparison of their status before and after the implementation of the project measures

-identification of ecosystem services at the targeted areas at present state and evaluation of ESS improvement by restoration measures

 

-project website developed, maintained and promoted during the whole project period

-hatchery website launched

-14 information panels created and installed, 3 exterior LCD screens installed

-printed materials and promotional items produced and distributed (leaflets 5 000 pcs, project brochures 5 000 pcs, brochures for visitors 1 000 pcs, Layman’s report 1 500 pcs, calendars 1 500 pcs, project T-shirts 1 300 pcs, hoodies 100 pcs, hats 200 pcs, cups 350 pcs, stainless steel bottles 350 pcs, pens 1 500 pcs, pencils 1 000 pcs, textile bags 500 pcs, fake tattoos for kids 2 000 pcs, textile aquatic animals toys 500 pcs, board game 150 pcs, chocolates with project motive and information on package (organic, fair trade) 1 000 pcs, herbal tea packs (locally produced) 1 000 pcs, herbal soaps 1 000 pcs, 15 scientific illustrations for poster graphic, posters 2 to 3 types, 600 pcs of each

-1 250 dissemination materials elaborated by JU (board games, cards, small promotional items)

-1 documentary film and video published and promoted

-1 mobile outdoor exhibition developed

-3 digital campaigns launched

-min. 10 public events organized

-min. 6 press trips organized

-min. 7 press releases, 35 print and online articles, 10 radio outputs, 5 TV outputs

-3 study visits organized

-at least 10 conferences attended

-26 new people employed 

-7 working groups established

-30 capacity building trainings organized

-6 seminars for general public organized

-at least 3 new projects mobilized and submitted

WP1 – Projektový manažment a koordinácia

T.1.1 Riadenie projektu a monitoring jeho priebehu

T.1.2 Vedenie projektového účtovníctva, finančného riadenia a audit

WP2 – Integrované plánovanie manažmentu – od povodia až po rieky

T.2.1. Rozvoj integrovaných stratégií manažmentu pre pilotné povodia (Dunaj, Hron, Ipeľ, Belá)

T.2.2. Ekologická priorizácia na zabezpečenie dlhodobej kontinuity migračných bariér

T.2.3 Obnova migračných trás pre druhy jeseterov na rieke Dunaj a opätovné prepojenie jej lužných biotopov

T.2.4 Preskúmanie potenciálu obnovy vybraných vodných útvarov na pilotných povodiach (Hron, Ipeľ, Belá)

WP3 – Obnovné opatrenia na vybraných útvaroch povrchových vôd v pilotných povodiach

T.3.1 Technická dokumentácia, povolenia a súhlasy

T.3.2 Kúpa pozemkov a dlhodobý prenájom

T.3.3 Realizácia obnovných opatrení na Dunaji a v priľahlých mokradiach

T.3.4 Realizácia obnovných opatrení v povodí Hrona

T.3.4 Realizácia obnovných opatrení v povodí Belej

T.3.4 Realizácia obnovných opatrení v povodí Ipľa

WP4 – Rybárstvo šetrné k prírode a biodiverzite a aktívne opatrenia na podporu vyhliadok cieľových “dáždnikových” druhov

T.4.1 Zriadenie prirodzeného chovu rýb, produkcia a vypúšťanie rýb v povodí Belá

T.4.2 In situ posilnenie prirodzených populácií jeseterov v Dunaji pomocou inkubácie ikier vo voľnej prírode

T.4.3 Zarybňovanie plôdikom ako in situ ochranné opatrenie na posilnenie populácií jesetera v slovenskej časti Dunaja

T.4.4 Manažment rybolovu šetrný k prírode a biodiverzite

WP5 – Prírode a riekam blízky manažment lesných a nelesných biotopov

T.5.1. Vypracovanie programov starostlivosti pre Územia európskeho významu

T.5.2 Mapovanie vegetačného krytu v povodiach Belej, Ipľa a Hrona

T.5.3 Obnova brehových porastov pozdĺž riečnych ramien a vodných tokov v oblasti Dunaja

T.5.4 Obnova brehových porastov v povodí Belej

T.5.5. Obnova brehových porastov a lužných biotopov v povodí Ipľa a Hrona

WP6 – Monitorovanie dopadu činností projektu

T.6.1 Hydrologický a morfologický monitoring

T.6.2 Hydrobiologický monitoring 

T.6.3 Monitoring ichtyocenóz v povodiach cieľových riek

T.6.4 Telemetrické prieskumy priechodnosti Dunaja pre ryby na Slovensku

T.6.6 Monitorovanie novovznikajúcich látok veľkoobjemovým skríningom vzoriek

T.6.7. Monitorovanie mikropolutantov pasívnym vzorkovaním

T.6.8 Monitorovanie príslušných biotopov a druhov

T.6.9 Mapovanie ekosystémových služieb

T.6.10 LIFE Monitorovanie kľúčových ukazovateľov projektu

T.6.11 Monitorovanie pokroku implementácie vodného plánu

WP7 – Zvyšovanie povedomia verejnosti, šírenie výsledkov, spolupráca zainteresovaných strán a budovanie odborných kapacít

T.7.1 Všeobecná projektová komunikácia a šírenie informácií

T.7.2 Zvyšovanie povedomia a organizácia podujatí pre verejnosť

T.7.3 Spolupráca so zainteresovanými stranami, šírenie výsledkov a networking s ostatnými projektovými tímami

T.7.4 Budovanie odborných kapacít a školenie personálu

WP8 – Koordinácia doplnkového financovania

T.8.1 Prehľad dostupného financovania

T.8.2 Koordinácia a mobilizácia doplnkového financovania

WP9 – Udržateľnosť, replikácia a využitie výsledkov projektu

T.9.1 Replikácia a prenos projektových riešení

T.9.2. Udržateľnosť a využitie výsledkov projektu

T.9.3 Plán udržiavacích opatrení – po skončení LIFE projektu

BROZ staff:

Coordinator for nature and river friendly forest and land management – Mgr. Stanislav Kušnier (kusnier@broz.sk)

Awareness and communication manager – Mgr. Andrea Froncová (froncova@broz.sk)

Field assistant – water and wetlands habitats restoration – position not yet occupied

Field assistant – land expert – Ing. Július Lenčéš (lences@broz.sk)

Administrative and financial assistant – Mgr. Miroslava Rakovská (rakovska@broz.sk)

Workers – position not yet occupied

For other contacts visit the main project web site: under construction

Project title: Danube Wild Island Habitat Corridor

Project sector: LIFE, Nature and Biodiversity

Project acronym: LIFE WILDisland

Project code: LIFE20 NAT/AT/000063

Duration: 01/09/2021 – 31/08/2027

Total project budget: 14,222,637 € (63,98 % EU financial contribution)

Coordinating beneficiary: Nationalpark Donau-Auen GmbH (AUT)

Project partners: 

• Alsó-Duna-völgyi Vízügyi Igazgatóság (Lower Danube Valley Water Directorate) (HUN)
• Bratislavské regionálne ochranárske združenie (SVK)
• Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority (ROU)
• Duna-Dráva Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság (HUN)
• Duna-Ipoly Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság (HUN)
• Fertő Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság (HUN)
• Hrvatske šume limited liability company, Croatian Forests ltd. (HRV)
• Javna ustanova “Park prirode Kopački rit” (HRV)
• Persina Nature Park Directorate (BGR)
• REGIA NAȚIONALA A PADURILOR ROMSILVA RA – SUCURSALA DIRECȚIA SILVICĂ TULCEA (ROU)
• Uniper Kraftwerke GmbH (DEU)
• VERBUND Hydro Power GmbH (AUT)
• Javno Preduzede “Vojvodinašume” (SRB)
• via donau – Österreichische Wasserstraßen-Gesellschaft mbH (AUT)

Program LIFE
NATURA 2000

Project focus:

The WILDisland project aims to strengthen the conservation status of the softwood alluvial forest priority habitat by restoring 34 islands along the entire Danube. The individual partners are responsible for the restoration of specific islands, but in order to achieve the higher goal of improving the condition of the Danube and the priority habitat, mutual cooperation is needed between all the countries involved.

Main goals of the project: 

1. Restoration of the natural character of Danube islands by modifying the bank fortifications
2. Change of the flow by turning the side arms and modifying the groynes
3. Improving sediment management
4. Restoration of natural vegetation along the Danube
5. Protection of natural islands
6. Raising public and stakeholder awareness of islands and softwood alluvial forest habitat

Sap – CHKO Dunajské Luhy (SKCHVU007)

Kližská Nemá – CHKO Dunajské Luhy (SKCHVU007)

A. Preparatory actions

A.2 Technical planning: optimisation of waterway infrastructure for island restoration 

A.2.2 Restoration of the Sap project site

On the project site Sap, the LIFE project has already provided for the first dynamisation of the side arm system in 2012. In the framework of LIFE WILDisland, two more side branches of the Medvedovská river branch system between river km 1807.6 and 1806.9 will be reconnected to the Danube. This will result in the restoration/creation of an island and further redynamisation of the floodplains in this region. New intakes will be created to allow water to flow for most of the year. Dredging will remove sediment from the degraded channel of the arm and restore the island.

A.2.3 Modification of groynes in Klížska Nemá project site

Most of the islands on the Slovak section of the Danube are directly connected to the navigation infrastructure. The aim of the activity is to plan and design the optimization of this grey infrastructure for dynamic river habitats and 91E0* sites. The planning will be carried out in close cooperation with the waterways and water management sector. As part of this activity, we plan to modify groynes and remove sediment, create a side channel (permanently flowing) and initiate the establishment of new island structures through natural river dynamic processes.

Habitat 91E0* includes natural forests situated immediately near rivers, from lowlands to upland vernal pools. The habitat is characterised by periodic flooding by surface water or flooding by groundwater. In the alluvium of the larger lowland rivers there are willow-poplar forests (Ls1.1), the so-called soft floodplain forest. In the mid-land along smaller rivers, willow-poplar forests are followed by ash-alder foothill forests (Ls1.3), consisting of common ash and european alder. 

 

Year 2022

In 2022, a contractor for an expert hydromorphological study was selected for the two project sites Sap and Klížska Nemá. The expert study is to prepare detailed proposals for measures to restore and improve the flow and connectivity of the Danube arms in relation to improving the water dynamics in the surroundings and on selected Danube islands. The study will evaluate restoration options, the proposed options will be analysed using hydrodynamic models. The study will serve as a basis for the preparation of technical documentation for the measures of the LIFE WILDisland project for the improvement of floodplain vegetation on the Danube islands.

 

A.4 Technical planning – floodplain forest restoration

A.4.1 Diversification of forest stands in the Sap area

Non-native tree species (including hybrid poplars) will be removed from an area of 19 ha. In the establishment of natural stands 91E0* soil disturbance promotes natural rejuvenation. Native tree species (Populus nigra, Salix alba, S. fragilis, Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior) will be planted on the site.

A.4.2 Restoration of 91E0* habitats in the Danube floodplains in the Klížska Nemá

In the area of Klížská Nemá we plan to remove non-native trees (including hybrid poplars), disturb the soil to promote natural rejuvenation and plant native trees in areas where non-native trees have been removed. 

 

C Preparatory actions, development of management plans and action plans 

C.2 Optimisation of waterway infrastructure for WILDisland restoration

C.2.2 Restoration of WILDisland in the Sap project site

The aim of the activity is the restoration of former river arms in the Medveďovská river branch system, closed at the inlet. New intakes will be created to allow water to flow for most of the year. Sediments will be removed from the degraded riverbed and an island will be restored. We expect that local sedimentation on the banks of the reopened and reconnected arms will provide space for new 91E0* habitat to naturally develop. Increased groundwater infiltration will improve conditions for the adjacent riparian forest. The quality of the forest habitat on the island will also be improved by planting native trees.

C.2.3 Modification of groynes in the Klížska Nemá project site

For the first time in Slovakia, modifications of groynes will be carried out on a stretch of the Danube with a focus on island and habitat restoration. The groynes have the function of directing the flow into the fairway, but thus reducing the dynamics of the water along the riverbank. By modifying the groynes, it is planned to achieve higher water flow in the side channel and to restore the local island. There will be sediment dredging to support the initiation of an active side channel with permanently flowing water. Two groynes will be modified and sediment dredging will take place between the island and the bank to support the creation of an active side channel with permanently flowing water (improved water surface area to 993 m).

Year 2022

The expert study and technical documentation will propose measures that are expected to result in: 

– Improvement of the flooding regime of adjacent floodplain forest habitats and initiation of new habitats on banks and shoals. 

– Cumulative improvement of the target habitat (*91E0) over an area of at least 120 ha.  

– Improvement of flow dynamics (higher flows and flow velocities) and lateral connectivity (prolonged periods of contact with the main channel) of river arms over a minimum length of 3783 m. 

 

C Conservation measures 

C.4 Forest management on wild islands 

Based on technical planning and preparatory work, forest restoration activities will take place and a total of 91E0* sites will be restored on 309 ha. Implementation will be carried out in collaboration with protected area management and forest experts.

 

C.4.1 Forest restoration in Sap will improve a total of 91E0* habitats on 19 ha. 12 ha of the 91E0* area will be restored by planting individuals of native trees, 7 ha by promoting natural rejuvenation by “disturbing” the topsoil.

 

C.4.2 Restoration of the 91E0* forest in Klížska Nemá will improve habitat conditions on 11 ha, including the promotion of natural rejuvenation (3 ha) and reforestation with native tree species on 8 ha.

Year 2023/2024

In the period 2023 and 2024, an expert hydrological study was elaborated for both project sites Sap and Klížská Nemá, including a mathematical model of the impact of the proposed measures on the level of the low regulating navigable water for navigation needs. The proposed measures were presented to the Slovak-Hungarian Boundary Waters Commission.

On the basis of the outputs of the hydrological study, contractors for the technical design documentation were selected in a public procurement process. The preparation of the technical documentation included a series of negotiations with the river manager as well as regular field visits. On the basis of the acquired knowledge and consultations, the measures in the Medvedovska River Branch System – SO 01 Medvedovské side arm MR1 and SO 02 Medvedovske side arm MR2 – were elaborated.

Technical documents for forest habitat restoration were prepared for both project sites – Sap and Klížská Nemá. On the basis of field survey and analysis of natural conditions in relation to the restoration of riparian vegetation, a restoration plan was prepared for both project sites. A contractor for the removal of invasive tree species and the promotion of natural rejuvenation at the Klížská Nemá project site was selected through a public procurement process. The objective of activity C4 on this site is to improve conditions on 11 ha, including the promotion of natural rejuvenation (3 ha) and reforestation with native tree species such as black poplar, white poplar and white willow on 8 ha.

During 2024, all initial monitoring reports for Activity D1 were produced. Hydrological monitoring contracted through the procurement process in 2022. The first phase of initial monitoring is complete for both project sites and focused on:

(a) surface and groundwater levels

(b) water level regime, flow regime, flow velocity

(c) monitoring of morphological parameters – cross-sectional profiles within the main channel of the Danube as well as the side arms, including granulometric analyses of bottom sediments.

During 2024, all initial monitoring reports for Activity D1 were produced. Hydrological monitoring contracted through the procurement process in 2022. The first phase of initial monitoring is complete for both project sites and focused on:

(a) surface and groundwater levels

(b) water level regime, flow regime, flow velocity

(c) monitoring of morphological parameters – cross-sectional profiles within the main channel of the Danube as well as the side arms, including granulometric analyses of bottom sediments.

Restoring islands on the Danube – RTVS

Ochranári rozbiehajú projekt zameraný na ochranu Dunajských ostrovov –  TERAZ

Tell us what you think !

The international LIFE20 NAT/AT/000063 project WILDisland brings together 15 partners and organisations from 7 countries along the Danube River. It is a unique network that aims to restore the natural dynamics of the Danube and strengthen the protection of the soft floodplain forest habitats by restoring up to 34 islands in total. 

In Slovakia, the WILDisland project will restore islands at 2 localities, Sap and Klížská Nemá. For the first time on the Slovak side of the Danube, we will modify groynes to achieve a higher flow with permanently flowing water in the side arm and restore a local island. 

One of the aims of the project is to promote public interest and awareness of the exceptional and rare habitats of the soft floodplain forest. All efforts to tame our rivers, including stream regulation, dam construction or drainage, have led to a significant decrease in the water table, drying up of stands closely associated with the water, and thus a general deterioration in their condition. 

A unique representative survey has been created in cooperation between all WILDisland partners to draw attention to the Danube, its beauty, benefits and important functions. We have prepared the questionnaire in both Slovak and Hungarian versions. Please take a few minutes to fill it in and help us move the activities, and us, in the best direction.

Thank you for your participation 

 

Link for the representative survey: 

Slovak

https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ML72JJG     

Hungarian

https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/DN52HSY 

Project title: Conservation of European Ground Squirrel (Spermophillus citellus)
Project sector: LIFE+, Nature and Biodiversity
Projektový acronym:  LIFE Ground Squirrel
Project code: LIFE19 NAT/SK/001069
Expected start date: 01/09/2020
Expected end date: 31/12/2027
Total project budget: 5 428 988 € (60 % EU financial contribution)
Project partners: BROZ, ALKA Wildlife o.p.s, Polskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Przyrody “Salamandra”, State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, National Zoological Garden Bojnice

 

Program LIFE NATURA 2000

Project focus:

The project is to contribute to the active protection of habitats of the endangered European ground squirrel species in selected localities in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland.

In Slovakia, in most localities in the Alpine and Pannonian regions, the quality of the European ground squirrel population, as well as its habitats, was assessed as unsatisfactory or even poor. The reason is usually the extinction of the habitat caused by a change in the management of the site (especially the abandonment of livestock grazing in the country). The situation is similar in the Czech Republic, in Poland the ground squirrel became extinct in the 1980s, the successful reintroduction of individuals from Slovakia has managed to settle more localities, but the overall population is poor.

Main goals of the project:

1. Restoration of habitats – cleaning of sites from raids, introduction of grazing

2. Strengthening the European ground squirrel population – securing a food base (sowing suitable plants, supporting insect species, planting fruit trees), caring for individual colonies, diverting the forward pressure by supporting other animal species

3. Reintroduction of ground squirrels to suitable sites where they have become extinct in the recent past

4. Cooperation with local interest groups, owners and users in the protection of the target species

5. Replication and transfer of project results

6. Raising public awareness of European ground squirrel protection.

European ground squirrel

It is an animal living in colonies, which needs an open landscape with low vegetation for its life. It suits him if the vegetation is kept low by grazing animals. He needs a look around for his life. Often, as soon as he climbs out of the burrow, he sticks out and observes his surroundings or stands on his hind legs and “sticks out”, like a meerkat or a marmot. He is in danger from several angles. It is a food for foxes, weasels, but also birds of prey – eagles, falcons, and hawks. The ground squirrel is a rodent that lives underground, where it builds a system of burrows that connect corridors with multiple openings. It feeds on grass seeds, green parts of plants, fruits, various insects (crickets, horses, beetles) and does not despise even small voles or lizards. In winter, it hibernates in underground burrows.

Of the common species endangered

The European ground squirrel was once a common species in Slovakia, but by gradually abandoning the grazing of livestock and overgrowing or ploughing suitable sites, its populations were reduced. So much so that the ground squirrel is currently an endangered species. Ground squirrels for changes in the agricultural landscape also suffer from a lack of food, as they feed on plant seeds, fruits and insects, which are difficult to find in the monoculture. Despite the widespread myth, ground squirrels do not steal grain from fields and do not stock up because they hibernate during the winter.

Project localities in Slovakia:

Kečovské Škrapy – Národný park Slovenský Kras (SKUEV0345)

Soví hrad – CHKO Cerová vrchovina (SKUEV0358)

Horný vrch – Národný park Slovenský Kras (SKUEV0356)

Fabiánka – Národný park Slovenský kras (SKUEV0355)

Slovenský raj (SKUEV0112, SKUEV2112)

Mašianské sysľovisko – NP Slovenský raj (SKUEV0784)

Holubyho kopanice – CHKO Biele Karpaty (SKUEV0367, SKUEV2367)

Gavurky – CHA Gavurky (SKUEV0201)

Marcelovské piesky – PR Marcelovské piesky (SKUEV0065)

Bradlové pásmo (SKUEV0942)

Specific conservation activities

Restoration of European ground squirrel habitats in Slovakia

We will improve the existing management in selected localities where ground squirrels occur naturally so far. In the vicinity of these sites, we will create other suitable places where the colony can spread (we will clean them of overgrown trees, introduce pasture, change the land to grassland, etc.). Thanks to these measures, we will create at least 190 hectares of new habitats for grazing ground squirrels.

Strengthening and increasing the state of the ground squirrel population in Slovakia

The activity includes direct care for the colonies of ground squirrels – feeding, sowing plants that are suitable for its food, planting fruit trees of early summer varieties, support measures for animal components of food – especially for insects on which the ground squirrel feeds. As part of the activity, we will also implement measures to support the population of other species in localities so as to provide predators with more food and thus reduce predation pressure in the beginning.

Restitution of the European ground squirrel to localities where it occurred naturally in the past

In many areas of European importance in Slovakia, where the ground squirrel is the subject of protection, this species is unfortunately no longer found or its occurrence has been limited to only one or two colonies. At 10 such sites, where populations have disappeared or are disappearing, the transfer of individuals and the re-establishment of the colony will take place. The selection of sites will be preceded by long-term preparation and will be selected based on the possible implementation of other managements to improve the state of populations.

Habitat restoration and population strengthening in Poland

Habitat restoration and measures to increase and improve the stock of the European ground squirrel population in Poland will be implemented on a total area of 22 ha.

A.1 Elaboration of databases on land use and ownership within the area

A database of individual records was created for cadastral areas with existing ground squirrel colonies, as well as colonies planned for restoration. The database allows searching for various types of information, such as known/unknown owners, partial/100% ownership, and plots located within or outside the boundaries of Sites of Community Importance (SCI). The database will be used throughout the entire duration of the project to identify landowners for negotiations on land purchase and lease under Activity B.1, and for habitat management under Activities C.1, C.2, and C.3.

A.2 Completion of genetic database and complex genetic study in Slovakia

The first genetic screening has been completed and confirmed that the ground squirrel population in Slovakia is highly fragmented. Colonies survive in isolation and show signs of genetic erosion. Therefore, translocations of individuals from large, viable source colonies (only three in Slovakia – Bratislava Airport, Muránska Planina, and Skalistý Potok) to small colonies within regions are recommended, due to possible adaptations to the microclimatic conditions of each region. The second, comparative genetic study will be evaluated in 2027. In 2024, Bojnice Zoo established a gene bank where samples collected in 2026 and 2027 will be stored for further research.

A.3 Review on habitat restoration and restoration of European Ground Squirrel populations

The following documents were prepared: “Overview and assessment of species and site protection, appropriate management and land use in Sites of Community Importance included in the project” – including conditions, recommendations, and guidelines – and “Recommended procedure for the restitution of the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) and a strategy for the protection of individuals in case of unsuccessful restitutions.” In addition to these documents, management measures were pre-consulted with experts in zoology and botany.
Project partners also worked on the designation of a new protected site, SKUEV4003 Cifra, included in the Natura 2000 network in 2023, where the presence of ground squirrels was the main motivation for protection (in addition to ground squirrels, habitats 6210 and 5130 are also protected). Following approval by the European Commission, SCI Cifra became the 28th project site.

BROZ also contributed to the Management Plan of Slovenský kras National Park by preparing a chapter with recommendations for the protection of the European ground squirrel.

B.1 Land purchase/lease in Slovakia

So far, 2.95 hectares of land have been purchased by the State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic in the cadastral area of Jesenské within SKUEV4003 Cifra. Negotiations are ongoing for the purchase of additional land totaling 4.77 hectares in this area and in SCI Vodokáš.

B.2 Land purchase/lease in Poland

A total of 7.54 hectares have been purchased, and negotiations are currently ongoing with other landowners for the lease of 11 hectares in SCI Kamień Śląski.

C.1 Restoration of European Ground Squirrel habitats in Slovakia

Unused agricultural land in the SCIs Muránska planina, Fabiánka, and Tisovský kras was cleared of woody vegetation at various stages of succession over an area of 16.5 hectares.
An area of 46.51 hectares has been cleared of shrubs, young shoots, overgrown biomass, and invasive plant species to support the expansion of ground squirrel colonies in the SCIs Horešské lúky, Slovenský raj, Spišskopodhradské travertíny, Kečovské škrapy, Beležír, Boleráz ground squirrel site, Chtelnice ground squirrel site, Fabiánka, Tisovský kras, Bradlové pásmo, Horešské lúky, and Cifra.

The most suitable management of grasslands for ground squirrels is grazing by livestock, followed by mowing, which must not be carried out late in the summer and must be repeated to maintain short vegetation, as tall grass is unsuitable for ground squirrels. The worst method of grassland management for ground squirrels is mulching; they are unable to move or find food in shredded grass left on site and quickly become prey to predators.

Changes in grassland management have so far been implemented on 127.52 hectares, which has already exceeded the project target. These include a transition from mulching to mowing and/or grazing (SCIs Spišskopodhradské travertíny, Muránska planina, Beležír and Boleráz ground squirrel site), from mowing to grazing (SCIs Slovenský raj, Horešské lúky and Holubyho kopanice), from mowing and late-season grazing to year-round grazing (SCI Mašlianske ground squirrel site), from very low-intensity grazing to early spring mowing and extensive grazing in summer and autumn (SCI Vodokáš), and from abandoned, occasionally mulched land to grazed land (SCI Cifra).

So far, appropriate management for ground squirrel populations has been established on 190.54 hectares, of which 81.76 hectares are grazed and 97.57 hectares are mown. In total, 179.33 hectares are currently under management, while grazing and mowing on the remaining 11.21 hectares cleared during winter 2025/26 will begin in spring 2026.

Grazing has been established and is continuously carried out at sites in the SCIs Slovenský raj, Muránska planina, Spišskopodhradské travertíny, Mašlianske ground squirrel site, Tisovský kras, Horešské lúky, Holubyho kopanice, and Cifra. Mowing management is carried out at sites in the SCIs Beležír, Vodokáš, and Boleráz ground squirrel site.

C.2 Supporting European Ground Squirrel populations in Slovakia

At 7 sites, 317 fruit trees were planted or grafted to provide a sustainable food source for ground squirrel colonies after the end of the project. Species and varieties producing fruit in summer or early autumn were selected to supply food before hibernation.

At 4 sites, seeds of plants directly providing food for ground squirrels (clover and barley) were sown, as well as species that attract insects as important food sources and support overall biodiversity (e.g. Onobrychis, Sedum, Sanguisorba).

To reduce predation pressure on ground squirrel colonies, 314 bird nest boxes (for wagtails, starlings, sparrows, and tits) and 96 nest boxes for small mammals (dormice) were installed at 13 sites.

For other species such as lizards, amphibians, snakes, and even fish, four small-scale measures were implemented at 3 sites to increase overall site diversity. Hay bales and wood piles were installed for this purpose. To support amphibians, four small wetlands were excavated in SCI Muránska planina, where more than 3,000 individuals of the threatened species tench (Tinca tinca) were produced. These helped reduce mosquito populations affecting grazing animals and supported the spread of the species into surrounding water bodies.

Predators were recorded at 14 sites, though predation was not confirmed at all of them. Wildcats were not addressed, as they are also protected species and predation is natural. Where predation by foxes and badgers was recorded, their dens were repeatedly destroyed, causing them to move away from the colonies. Predation pressure from birds of prey was mitigated by installing bird nest boxes, which also serve as an early warning system for ground squirrels when predators approach. At several sites, predation by domestic cats was recorded; cats were repeatedly deterred or captured and placed in shelters if they were stray.

Ground squirrels were supplementary fed with sunflower seeds and fruit at all project sites where colonies existed or were restored. Feeding focused on periods before and after hibernation, after the birth of young, and during unsuitable weather such as heavy rainfall or prolonged drought. Only organically produced sunflower seeds were used, and care was taken to ensure they did not contain seeds of invasive species, in order to prevent their spread in protected areas.

C.3 Restoration of European Ground Squirrel populations in Slovakia

A total of 5 colonies have been established so far in the SCIs Holubyho kopanice, Bežnisko (2 sites), Kamenínske slaniská, and Marcelovské piesky. In 2025, project activities were affected by the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, which prevented access to sites for an extended period. As a result, the number of ground squirrels at all sites is still insufficient, and releases will continue in spring 2026.

Individuals were translocated to 13 project sites from three locations with good genetic structure, as recommended by the genetic study at the beginning of the project. During the project, populations at two additional sites increased to a level that allowed their use as donor sites as well. In many cases, individuals were selected whose survival at the original site was threatened. In summer, many young individuals disperse away from colonies; at Bratislava Airport and Skalistý potok, this often leads them to adjacent fields where they would die during autumn ploughing or during hibernation in winter. At Bratislava Airport, individuals threatened by planned construction of a shopping centre were also used.

In total, 2,643 individuals were captured, transported, and released within this activity (additional translocations were carried out under Activity E.2). Of these, 435 individuals were used to establish new colonies through restitution, and 2,208 were used to improve the genetic structure of existing colonies. An additional 177 individuals were transferred to Bojnice Zoo for breeding and future restitution activities.

C.4 Restoration of habitats and support of populations in Poland

Following negotiations with landowners, cattle grazing was initiated on 11 hectares in SCI Dolina Lachy. A total of 7.54 hectares of land were purchased and are managed through mowing and cattle grazing.

The situation in SCI Kamień Śląski was initially more complicated, as the site had been only partially mown and very late in the season, and horse grazing was also carried out in a way unsuitable for ground squirrels. The local colony declined significantly. Negotiations with the local farmer were unsuccessful, so cooperation was established with the regional nature conservation authority to develop a new Management Plan for the site, followed by the implementation of more active conservation measures on 9 hectares.

Currently, a total of 20 hectares in Poland are managed in a way suitable for ground squirrel populations.

Ground squirrel colonies at both project sites were regularly supplementary fed with sunflower seeds, apples, and carrots, especially during drought periods (on approximately 1.5 hectares), prolonged heavy rainfall, and early spring after hibernation. Alfalfa and seeds of flowering plants were also sown to support food availability, either directly through seeds and flowers or indirectly by attracting insects.

D.1 Monitoring of the impact of project activities on European Ground Squirrel populations

The initial population size of ground squirrels in Slovakia was estimated at 20,000 individuals, which is very low, and the species is currently considered critically endangered. Conservation management measures, together with population support activities under C.1, C.2, and C.3, led to an increase to 50,500 individuals. During the project, the most unfavorable year for ground squirrels was 2023, due to adverse weather conditions (heavy and prolonged spring rains, flash floods at some sites that drowned many young individuals in burrows, and long periods of summer drought). Despite this, population numbers continued to increase as a result of project activities. The most successful year so far was 2021, when rapid population growth and expansion occurred shortly after the first project measures were implemented. In 2025, activities were affected by access restrictions to pastures due to foot-and-mouth disease in livestock, which prevented translocations, continuation of restitution, and supplementary feeding during periods of unfavorable weather. This resulted in a lower population increase.

More important than the overall population increase is the situation at sites with very small populations, where growth is most difficult to achieve. Once a population exceeds 150 individuals, its growth accelerates, as it becomes more stable and less vulnerable to predation pressure. Genetic structure also improves, resulting in higher reproduction rates and lower disease occurrence.

It is also important to monitor populations outside the project areas, as these serve as control sites. At these sites, ground squirrel numbers did not increase or fluctuated only slightly between 2020 and 2025, confirming that the observed growth is a result of project activities rather than a general trend.

In Poland, at both sites, after an initial population increase, a rapid decline in numbers was observed. This was caused either by late mowing of meadows by land users and intensive grazing by an excessive number of horses on another part of the grassland, which led to habitat degradation, or by local flash floods that inundated part of the colony. We expect that the new Site Management Plan will bring positive results and that more active conservation measures in the coming years will improve the situation and lead to subsequent population growth.

During three seasons (2022–2024), field research was conducted across 16 sites in Slovakia, involving the collection of European ground squirrel fecal samples, which were subsequently processed in the laboratory using flotation and sedimentation methods. Statistical analysis of a total of 902 samples revealed environmental factors influencing parasite communities. Among the detected parasites, members of the family Trichostrongylidae showed the most pronounced seasonal and ecological patterns, being associated with average monthly precipitation, seasonality, and specific site management practices. In contrast, the occurrence of representatives of the genus Capillaria corresponded with higher average monthly temperatures towards the end of the season. An important finding was the absence of significant interactions between parasite groups, suggesting that co-infections were likely the result of independent exposure rather than direct biological interactions. Identification of individual parasites was carried out using a combination of morphological and molecular methods (a total of 236 samples), including 156 individuals obtained through dissection. The study thus provides new insights into the distribution, ecology, and systematics of parasite taxa in Slovakia.

The aim of the master’s thesis was to investigate the presence of LCMV in an atypical host—the European ground squirrel—and thus contribute to a better understanding of its ecological occurrence and potential public health risks. Using molecular methods, the presence of LCMV was tested in eight individuals of the European ground squirrel, and the virus was confirmed in four of them.

Currently, we are still awaiting the identification of mesostigmatid mites, which were collected by extracting substrates from burrow entrances, as well as from two excavated nests.

One master’s thesis is also focused on the food resources of the European ground squirrel. For this purpose, samples were collected at seven project sites. Groups of insects representing important food sources (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera) and bioindicators of management practices were also monitored. Bioindicators have been identified, and data on the occurrence and population trends of individual arthropods are being collected at more than six sites both before and after management interventions. Preparations for data collection in 2026 are currently underway, and the results are expected to reveal trends in habitat changes and confirm specific bioindicators. In 2027, only data analysis of samples and collected data will remain, completing this project activity.

A new ant species for the fauna of Slovakia, the small cryptic species Strumigenys baudueri, was discovered in SCI Cifra, and the finding was published in the journal Entomofauna Carpathica.

The aim is to determine the food availability of the European ground squirrel at sites where its colonies still occur. During the research, we examined the proportion of plant and animal components in dry fecal samples collected between May and September in 2022 and 2023 at 10 sites. Individual samples were separated into plant and animal components, and after weighing, the results of the laboratory analyses were statistically evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Redundancy Analysis (RDA), and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. This study is currently awaiting publication in a scientific journal.

When evaluating vegetation, we primarily focus on vegetation structure, which has proven to be a statistically significant factor in many analyses. At 16 sites, phytosociological classification was carried out according to the current Atlas of Habitats of the Slovak Republic, and detailed phytosociological relevés were recorded at selected sites. Soil samples were collected at 10 sites and analysed in the laboratories of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University. In addition to fulfilling project objectives, the results will also be used for a doctoral thesis focused on the ability of European ground squirrels to alter soil conditions through bioturbation.

Small terrestrial mammals represent potential food competitors for ground squirrels (vegetation, seeds, insects), but they can also serve as an occasional component of their diet (mainly in spring). They may also help divert predation pressure away from colonies; therefore, feedback for Activity C.2 on appropriate supportive measures is important. In 2023, eight sites were monitored using live trapping, and a higher abundance of small mammals was recorded compared to the beginning of the project. Further comparative studies will be conducted at the end of the project in 2027.

D.2 Monitoring of the socio-economic impact of project actions 

The total number of respondents involved in the survey across 12 municipalities within the project area was 252 in the first round of questionnaires: Smižany (56 respondents), Tisovec (39), Chtelnica (39), Spišské Podhradie (29), Muráň (26), Dechtice (16), Hrhov (14), Dobrá Voda (13), Dolný Lopašov (9), Spišské Tomášovce (6), Zádiel (3), and Nižná (2).

When evaluating all four thematic areas (conservation activities, other project objectives, practical outputs, and project benefits), responses indicated that across all three age groups (18–39, 40–59, 60+), project benefits received the highest rating (average 4.21 out of 5, i.e. 84% satisfaction). This was followed by other project objectives (average 3.71, 74%), conservation activities (average 3.65, 73%), and practical outputs (average 3.59, 72%). All scores are relatively high (on a 0–5 scale, an average rating would be 2.5, i.e. 50% satisfaction). The results, which strongly favor nature conservation in the selected sites, indicate that the public perceives the project activities and related conservation measures positively. A comparative study and evaluation of changes will be carried out at the end of the project in 2027.

D.3 Monitoring of ecosystem services

The current state of ecosystems has been recorded at 5 project sites (one-third of all sites). The selected sites are the same as those used in study D.2 (SCIs Chtelnické sysľovisko, Horný vrch, Slovenský raj, Tisovský kras, and Spišskopodhradské travertíny), allowing for cross-evaluation of the collected data. Several key indicators related to grassland restoration and socio-economic services are being monitored. The full study will be available in 2027.

D.4 Monitoring of output indicators

Key indicators (such as hectares of managed land, number of visitors, and ground squirrel population size) have been selected and are regularly monitored throughout the project and reported to the European Commission.

E.1 Raising the public awareness and dissemination of results in Slovakia

A total of 954 T-shirts in four different designs and various colors were produced and distributed. In cooperation with the company Dedoles, socks featuring ground squirrel motifs were created.

Three short educational videos were produced and made available to the public at:
https://fb.watch/F5PNSRBtg8/
https://fb.watch/F5PR_GSau8/
https://fb.watch/F5PP_tvC5k/

We also continuously organize presentations for the general public and schools, prepare ground squirrel exhibitions at Protected Landscape Area administrations, in Bojnice Zoo, and a travelling exhibition. Information about the project has been provided in 8 radio broadcasts and 11 television reports and interviews. A total of 79 articles have been published covering the project in general, colony restoration, trapping at Bratislava Airport, site management, grazing, and the need for ground squirrel conservation. Additionally, 103 posts have been published on social media.

E.2 Exchange and transfer of information, knowledge and lessons learnt, networking with other projects, replication of project activities

We organized 11 events focused on exchanging experience with other projects and initiatives. A field visit to two project sites was carried out with the Czech Nature Conservation Agency and the teams of projects LIFE17 IPE/CZ/000005 and LIFE16 NAT/CZ/000639.

Cooperation among researchers from all countries where the European ground squirrel occurs was carried out via email communication and an online conference during the preparation of the updated EU Action Plan for the species. New information on species distribution, actual population sizes, population trends, and management measures across countries was discussed.

We exchanged experience in grazing and site management with staff from Kiskunság National Park, the University of Debrecen, the Center for Large Landscape Conservation in Kazakhstan (working on conservation of the related species, the yellow ground squirrel Spermophilus fulvus), and the Milvus Group from Romania. With Knuthenborg Safaripark (Denmark), we discussed captive breeding of ground squirrels. Grassland management was also discussed with representatives of the Hungarian LIFE IP project GRASSLANDS-HU and the Latvian NGO Latvian Fund for Nature (LIFE GrassLIFE2 project).

We contributed data for the updated distribution map for the IUCN Red List. The Hungarian NGO Herman Ottó Institute organized a visit to three of our project sites together with partners of the new LIFE Citellus project focused on ground squirrel conservation in Hungary and Romania. We plan to continue close cooperation with this project in the future.

Volunteers supported conservation activities such as shrub removal and burning of overgrown biomass, removal of illegal waste dumps, tree planting, installation of nest boxes for birds and mammals, and supplementary feeding. They were not allowed to handle or transport ground squirrels due to their protected status, but assisted with monitoring traps and sites after release, as well as feeding prior to trapping. In total, volunteers contributed 436 person-days of work.

Slovak project partners participated in 8 conferences: the Conference on Research and Conservation of Small Mammals (Banská Bystrica), Zoological Days (Brno and Ostrava), EU CAP Network on Pollinators (Slovenia), the 14th European Conference on Ecological Restoration (Estonia), LIFE Platform Meeting RBAPS (Result-Based Agricultural Payment Schemes), and the CEE LIFE Platform Meeting (Hungary).

Within our “Living Landscape” programme, we visited 12 farmers hosting active ground squirrel colonies and awarded them the “Living Landscape” certificate and “Ground Squirrel Landscape” plaques. They also received digital versions of both labels as logos, which they can use on their products if they wish.

Replication activities were carried out at 12 sites: management measures were replicated 5 times, population support measures 20 times, colony restitutions twice, and translocations between sites 8 times. Replication of a ground squirrel enclosure also began at Bratislava Zoo.

Two workshops for farmers were organized. A brochure (1,000 copies) was published for this target group and is also available for download in PDF format from our website.

E.3 Public awareness raising and dissemination of results in Poland

A website presenting project activities in Poland was created and is regularly updated. The project was promoted several times on local radio and once on local television. Polish project partners participated in the conference “Conservation and Ecology of the European Hamster, a Critically Endangered Rodent,” where they presented experience from the ground squirrel conservation programme applicable to hamster conservation, as well as a conference in Kraków, where they presented the current status of ground squirrel populations and conservation in Poland.

Preparations are underway for the construction of two public ground squirrel observation sites.

E.4 Public awareness raising, dissemination and replication of results in Czech Republic

Since the beginning of the project, communication with stakeholders—especially landowners—has been ongoing via email, phone, and in person. Key stakeholders include vineyard owners, orchard managers, farmers, representatives of municipalities and regions, and other land users such as aeroclubs.

Currently, five replication activities (restoration management, population support, and translocations) are ongoing in the municipalities of Božice/Borotice, Hnanice, Havraníky, Miroslav, and Velké Pavlovice. A new site is being prepared in Čejč-Hovorany.

In cooperation with Charles University in Prague, the University of South Bohemia, and Hluboká Zoo, a three-year scientific project on genetic research has been launched (replicating the results of Activity A.2). A project in cooperation with Podyjí National Park, funded by the Czech-Swiss Cooperation Programme, titled “Back to the Steppe – Restoration of the Ground Squirrel Population in Podyjí,” has been approved.

Czech project partners participated in five meetings of the Nature Conservation Agency focused on ground squirrels, presenting project activities and results at three of them. They also took part in several monitoring activities in Slovakia.

Three informational roll-ups and two banners were produced and are used at public events, and a brochure was published.

We participated in five public events (Velké Pavlovice; Miroslav – two events during the apricot harvest festival and one airport open day; and two events at Olomouc Zoo) and organized three project days at primary schools within the project area.

The website www.syslinavinici.cz and social media platforms provide updates on the project, current population status, guidance on how to help ground squirrels, and examples of good practice. Cooperation with landowners is also promoted under the labels “Ground squirrels in vineyards” and “Ground squirrels in orchards.”

Four articles were published, two press releases issued, and three TV and two radio reports broadcast (Czech Television and Czech Radio), all focusing on ground squirrel populations, threats, conservation, and project objectives.

We participated in three conferences (Velké Pavlovice, Vilnius, and the “Biodiversity and Nature Conservation” conference in Telč) and delivered one presentation at Masaryk University in Brno.

We installed one information board in Miroslav, two posters in Pavlovice and Miroslav, seven information signs, and three roll-ups.

F.1 Project management

Project management has been carried out continuously. Six steering committee meetings and four monitoring missions were held. In 2024, the Midterm Report was submitted, and following financial verification, the second payment from the European Commission was received.

Conservationists are starting a project to protect the European Ground Squirrel from September – Dobré noviny

Ground Squirrels suffer from a lack of food, planting trees would help them – Denník N

BROZ starts a project to protect the European Ground Squirrel from September  – Enviroportál

Conservationists from Bratislava are starting a project to protect the European Ground Squirrel – TASR

Mgr. Katarína Tuhárska – project manager tuharska@broz.sk +421 915 767 762

Currently, there are no volunteer activities in localities where we protect ground squirrels. We will inform you about such activities.